The behavior of an at

Portray in any event three in danger practices that you would address as this student’s Teacher, and clarify why every conduct is risky in danger practices can be characterized as those practices individuals have, which could prompt a high likelihood of settling on terrible decisions that could influence their future. They may incorporate medication use, liquor utilization, and low focus among different practices (Zhan, 1999, p.91). Concerning the contextual analysis, this 16-year-old understudy has various in danger behaviors.Advertising We will compose a custom coursework test on The conduct of an in danger understudy explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The first includes resting oftentimes in class, which brings down the student’s level of fixation, and significant exercises instructed in class are probably going to cruise by, accordingly influencing the understudy during tests. In fact, the understudy is probably going to bomb his tests, as his fo cus level is low. The subsequent conduct includes declining to respond to address straightforwardly, an in danger conduct that implies the understudy never amasses in class, and in this way he abstains from responding to questions legitimately, as he isn't certain of the appropriate responses. Another in danger conduct, ruining of work areas and course readings in class, demonstrates that this understudy is thoughtless, and this could be a block to his accomplishment later on, where he may required being cautious, yet bombing hugely. His enemy of social conduct is of worry, as he can't make numerous companions; this could be risky later on where collaboration is normal, and thusly, the casualty may think that its difficult to mix in with others. Because of the way that the understudy has just one enduring guardian, conditions constrain him to work after school, henceforth, his consideration is partitioned, and in this way the fundamental driver of loosing center in class. Quickly po rtray at any rate three instructional mediations that you, as this. Student’s educator, would execute in the study hall during the normal school. Day to suitably address each in danger conduct in danger practices related with understudies can be comprehended through different intercessions. As indicated by Hilyer Walden college (2007, p.4), instructors can depend on progress programs that emphasis on information about managing understudies; this can incorporate specialized strategies. By and by, the student’s conduct of declining to respond to questions straightforwardly represents inability to tune in to questions, or dread of offering an inappropriate response. Along these lines, an educator ought to guarantee that a program of improving listening is started, to such an extent that, the student’s comprehends the inquiry first before noting it.Advertising Looking for coursework on instruction? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first pa per with 15% OFF Learn More According to Panahon, et al. (2007, p.36), psychological conduct treatment intercession helps understudies in critical thinking, whereby, understudies are instructed how to assess testing circumstances by social event pertinent data, considering the reactions, and picking the best reaction to offer in type of a response. Psychological situated guidance intercession includes systems that target helping understudies on compelling learning. These systems empower instructors to help understudies in improving their reasoning, subsequently empowering them to give the correct reactions; moreover, observing of students’ progress is supported (McREL, 2003, p.4). Conduct training program (BEP) is a mediation that includes every day registration and checks-outs on the understudy. An educator guarantees that an understudy checks in with him after class, in this way getting a prompt input on his/her conduct during class time. Furthermore, a student’s pro gress is checked and execution reports are sent to guardians. This sort of mediation will empower an understudy to be careful on his conduct, particularly if the instructors and guardians are associated with helping the understudy. BEP includes visit gatherings between the instructor and the understudy, and low exertion is required from the educators, consistent observing empowers successful dynamic, (Lindsey White, 2008, p.670). Against social in danger conduct It is obvious that the understudy is hostile to social, subsequently threatening and just identifies with scarcely any companions. Subsequently, the requirement for Tier 2 social aptitude bunches is significant, as it helps the understudy to create social abilities and relate well with his companions, consequently relational abilities are upgraded, and the understudy can enhance cooperation (Sandomierski, Kincaid Bob, N.d., p.4). Level two mediations incorporate little gathering advising intercessions; it is intended to empo wer understudies to be adaptable and profoundly effective. It is real that understudies with conduct issue have scholarly difficulties as well; subsequently, the need to actualize successful mediations is necessary.Advertising We will compose a custom coursework test on The conduct of an in danger understudy explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Mentoring program is an intercession that helps understudies in their difficulties; this program will concentrate on the reasons for the student’s hostile to social conduct. An instructor ought to be in a situation to guide an understudy and make a type of trust with the understudy. Also, an understudy will at that point have the option to spill his guts to the instructor, and the foundation of the issue can be recognized. Companion paring is significant for the counter social conduct, to such an extent that the understudy will have the option to create positive social abilities when matched up with his friends; conse quently the understudy figures out how to coordinate and imparting, subsequently enhancing his social conduct. The counter social nature of an understudy may influence the student’s after-school life; in any case, when handled at a youthful stage, the issue might be wiped out. Visit snoozing class in danger conduct This sort of conduct influences a student’s scholarly life, as his fixation is low, in any case, an instructor can check such an issue through presenting decides that are against staying in bed class. Anyway an instructor can have a one on one gathering with understudy and attempt to comprehend the reason for his conduct, which for this situation, the reason might be tediousness due to performing multiple tasks, particularly when this understudy works after classes to help his family. Expanding one-on-one time with an understudy is an intercession that will help the understudy to understand the estimation of scholastics and how to adjust his homework and wor k life. These mediations ought to be founded on discovering answers for a student’s issues; in this way, they ought to be equipped towards viability. The educator can likewise help the understudy to deal with his time successfully to arrive at a parity. Guiding can likewise help understudies in offering their issues to the advocate, from that point the advisor can discover approaches to help such understudies in defeating difficulties that influence their class work, (Lindsey White, 2008, p.666). Correspondence ought to be empowered between the instructors and the understudies to guarantee quality learning. Utilizing of entire cerebrum instructing which incorporates humor, play, games, or music can keep an understudy alert and mindful in class, since it draws in the understudies for its fun (Barnes, 2010).Advertising Searching for coursework on training? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More References Barnes, D. (2010). Mediations for at †chance understudies. Web. Hilyer, S., Walden University. (2007). Intercession techniques for underachieving and in danger center level understudies. NY: ProQuest Publisher. Panahon, A. et al. (2007). School-based Interventions for Students with or at Risk for Depression. Web. Sandomierski, T. Kincaid, D., Bob, A. (N.d). Reaction to Intervention and Positive Behavior Support: Brothers from Different Mothers or Sisters from Different Misters. Web. White, M., Lindsey, B. (2008). Level 2 Behavioral Interventions for At-Risk.: Students. Web. Zhan, L. (1999). Asian voices: Asian and Asian American wellbeing teachers stand up. NJ: Jones Bartlett Learning Publisher. This coursework on The conduct of an in danger understudy was composed and put together by client Hazel Galloway to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for exploration and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; in any case, you should refer to it as needs be. You can give your paper here.

Franchising as a Strategy for Small Business Growth

Diversifying as a Strategy for Small Business Growth This paper is an examination concerning in the case of diversifying is as compelling a strategy for extension for an independent venture all things considered for bigger increasingly settled organizations. To test this hypothesis a contextual investigation of two organizations was readied, Interlink Express and the Cornish Oggy Pasty Shop. The contextual analyses on the associations were arranged from the data on their sites. The two associations are an individual from the British Franchise Association. These contextual analyses were contrasted with the writing on the subject. Through looking into the subject one factor was uncovered similar to a significant issue in diversifying, this was the brand. Both the associations that were contemplated are effective inside their business sectors in the UK, and subsequently end up being genuine instances of diversifying. The associations had various thought processes in utilizing this technique for development. The paper infers that with the correct brand, independent company can be similarly as effective at diversifying for extension as their bigger partners. Presentation This paper will examine in the case of diversifying is as compelling a technique for development for a private company for what it's worth for bigger progressively settled organizations. There are a wide range of techniques that associations can use to extend; a portion of these include raising a lot of capital, which isn't generally a suitable choice for the littler business. Organizations whether huge or little, must arrangement what their future needs will be, to push ahead. Technique is the course and extent of an association over the long haul: which accomplishes advantage for the association. The procedure addresses both the inquiries where would you like to go? also, how would you like to arrive? Off base or too barely any assets is a main consideration of disappointment for an organisation’s procedure (Mullins L 2005). When an association has built up its system, it would then be able to audit the strategies open to it for development. Development can be accomplished by direct extension, mergers with comparable firms, diversifying or broadening. A few organizations decide to develop, not by creating in the ordinary way, yet by giving a permit to others to sell their item or administration. There are clear favorable circumstances to this, the market is tried, and bigger entrenched establishment activities will have national publicizing efforts and a strong exchanging name (Price, S. 1997). Diversifying is fundamentally the consent given by one individual, the franchisor, to someone else, the franchisee, to utilize the franchisors exchange name, exchange imprints and business framework, as an end-result of an underlying installment and further customary installments. According to some other independent venture, diversifying has end up being effective, with 96% of units despite everything working beneficial organizations 5 years down the line. To test the hypothesis on extension and diversifying a contextual investigation approach was picked. The two associations work inside the UK in various market parts. The independent company that was contemplated is the Cornish Oggy Pasty Shop, a nearby association from Cornwall; this association is growing by diversifying alone. The bigger association picked is Interlink Express; this association is entrenched and has its underlying foundations in different nations, in this way it is just their UK activity that was contemplated. Inside the UK it has used diversifying to effectively extend their activity. The foundation of the paper is the writing survey. This talks about contemporary hypothesis on hierarchical system, extension strategies and spotlights on diversifying inside the UK. A great deal of articles are composed for the USA advertises, these were not utilized as they had little significance towards the UK. Establishments tasks are evident on each high road in the UK. One of the most significant components is the brand name. This what pulls in and holds the client along these lines is it reasonable for an independent venture to establishment. The significance of the brand became clear while investigating this paper. Kotler (2000) portrayed a brand as a â€Å"name, term, image, or structure (or a blend of them) which is proposed to mean the products or administrations of the merchant or gatherings of venders and to separate them from those of the competitors† This brand is an important advantage for all associations while diversifying. In spite of the fact that, the brand name is frequently not as solid with an independent venture all things considered with their bigger partners. Diversifying began from the USA, with significant players, for example, McDonald entering the UK advertise. Diversifying for the person as an independent company experienced huge development in the UK until 2000. This development has eased back down, however there are still a lot of chances for organizations to extend. This paper presumes that given the correct independent company, development is conceivable however diversifying. This diversifying must be controlled to maintain the organisation’s ethos, and the brand they exchange with. This section talks about the examination strategies utilized for the undertaking and the support for the selection of techniques. It talks about strategies that were not utilized, with legitimization of why they were excluded. Included is a scrutinize of techniques chosen, and looking back distinguishes any progressions that would have upgraded the exploration. This paper assesses the development in diversifying in the UK, and whether this technique for extension is reasonable for little and enormous associations. Determination of the point was invigorated and framed out of familiarity with the many diversified outlets. On about each high road there are various inexpensive food outlets, which are diversified, an ever increasing number of organizations are utilizing this model to grow. The idea of the examination was talked about with partners and individual understudies this not just included down to earth thoughts and recommendations, it opened new roads of thought. This was the talked about with speakers sounding out thoughts, checking sentiments and explaining the inquiry. The examination subject was still wide; along these lines different techniques were utilized to frame the exploration question. Concentrating in on the inquiry was acquired by utilizing pertinence trees, narrowing the exploration zone. This provided guidance to the examination, in spite of the fact that with looking into the writing this changed a few times (Buzan, J. 1995). Next, an exploration proposition was assembled, with the advantage of sorting out thoughts and setting a period scale for look into. Hypothetically, the proposition would feature any troubles with the examination question and access to information. Making a period scale would concentrate on targets and fulfill time constraints in the culmination of the paper. The writing survey, examining hypotheses and thoughts that exist on the theme shaped the establishment of the paper. The discoveries from the exploration are then tried on speculations for legitimacy (Saunders, M. et al 1997). The writing survey was trying, there is almost no exploration in books that centers around private companies and diversifying. Diaries and paper articles were the spine for the survey, along with Internet destinations and reports. A great deal distributed articles are composed for the American Market, in spite of the fact that they can give valuable data, they allude to the American market (Saunders, M. et al 1997). Tertiary information sources, for example, library inventories and lists were utilized to examine for optional information. This delivered diaries and paper articles, and Internet addresses. With the measure of writing, it set aside some effort to sift through important material to the examination. Narrowing down the pursuit Bell’s (1993) six point’s parameters was applied. Applying watchwords that were recognized in the primary pursuit delivered significant and state-of-the-art material (Bell, J.1993). An impediment on the writing search was the measure of time to peruse all articles and books regarding the matter. While looking into the writing references to different distributions were followed and audited. Ringers agenda on distinguishing the significance of writing discovered was a down to earth strategy to diminish the measure of perusing (Bell, J. 1993). To contrast two associations it was chosen with do contextual analyses. The associations picked both offer diversifying in the UK, effectively advancing it on their sites. The contextual analyses of associations will be evaluated and contrasted with the writing. The little association is growing however diversifying, the bigger global association utilizes diversifying as a major aspect of its general technique. These associations have both applied the diversifying plan of action to their development methodology. These associations were chosen from the British Franchise Association site. Different techniques for information assortment were thought of and dismissed. Meeting proprietors of establishments would not have uncovered the general hierarchical system, and the accomplishment of their development strategies. Focus gatherings would have offered free streaming data; this could have been encouraged with conversation driven by the scientist. This technique was dismissed because of the constrained contacts inside the picked associations; this likewise it could have been viewed as dishonest to put pressure on their generosity. Most of data on their procedures is promptly accessible on the associations sites. This data demonstrated significant when assembling the contextual investigations. This area of the paper will examine current hypothesis on diversifying and basic administration hypothesis. It examines decisions that are available to associations when choosing a procedure, for both little and enormous associations. This area will concentrate on diversifying in the UK; this data will be then contrasted with the contextual analyses. Hierarchical technique is the example of choices that decides and uncovers to partners the associations aim; this is accomplished through their destinations, purposes, and objectives. The association recognizes where they deliberately need to be, and presents approaches and systems which set up to accomplish these objectives. At the point when the methodology is planned, it will assign the assets dependent on its relative interior capabilities and s

Should Friends or Couples Start a Company

Should Friends or Couples Start a Company An increasing number of couples, regardless of whether they are married or not, are venturing into new businesses as partners. Whether it is an online retail store, coffee shop or a local restaurant, couples or friends like to do business together these days. For instance, couples owned 20 million of 22 million new startups in the year 2000 in United States.There is no denying the fact that running a business as a couple is totally different compared to a traditional team. It is also worth mentioning that the success rate of startups owned by couples is very low. In this regard, 70% of businesses fail to survive to the second generation, whereas 90% of them dissolve before making it to the third. It sounds really bleak but it is also a fact that family businesses are much more likely to survive than businesses which are not run by friends or couples.The flexibility offered by deeply attached and related employees as well as closely related managers make your business more resilient. Having the same surname on all letterheads also offers an unsurpassable competitive advantage because the customers know that they are dealing with someone who cares about them and will go out of their way to provide the best possible services to them. © Shutterstock.com | Rawpixel.comIn this article, you will learn 1) how couples or friends can start a business, 2) advantages and 3) disadvantages of starting a business with friends or as a couple, and 4) examples of companies founded or run by couples.HOW CAN COUPLES OR FRIENDS START A BUSINESS?Businesses owned by couples, friends or families also incorporate some really intense and unique challenges, such as problems with succession planning and emotional dilemmas. There are many things you need to consider when you are going to start a new business together with your friend or life partner, some of which are explained below.Keep Your Relationship and Business Separate.  It is always nice to have intimate relations with your partner or friends but these relations should, in no way, have any effect on your business. Business matters and your personal relationships are totally different things and you should be very clear about it. Your love, emotions or respect for someone should not cloud your judgment or managerial sense if you want to make your business successful.Discuss the Strategy Thoroughly.  No business can be successful if it is not based on a comprehensive and result-oriented strategy. You must sit together with your partner to formulate a strategy for marketing, sales, internal accounting functions and customer service. You should thoroughly discuss all the methods and tactics you are going to employ to run your business. It is always important to put an effective and efficient strategy in place, and the same is true for family-owned businesses.How Viable Is Your Business Plan?  While discussing your business strategy, you should also talk about the worst case scenarios. In this regard, you can also consult a trusted business expert to discuss the viability of your business plan and how you are going to implement that plan. You cannot achieve the desired results if you simply try to convince each other without getting external help. You also hav e to identify the roles each of you will play in addition to understanding the marketplace you want to venture into.Plan for Your Personal and Business Life.  You should also have a separate spending plan for your personal and business life, and this is particularly true for couples. Again, an experienced financial planner can help you establish a good spending plan and adequate emergency funds for both home and work, since startups often have unpredictable cash flows.Set Aside Your Pride.  One of the biggest stumbling blocks in the way of your success will be your pride. Both of you have to set aside your pride because excessive pride always hath a fall. If you cannot let your pride go, you will never be able to anticipate the greater needs of the business or your own shortcomings. Once your pride or ego is out of control, you become too scared to ask for help. You start making major decisions without consulting your partner or team and as a result, your business will ultimately fa il.Don’t Ignore Each Other’s Mistakes.  Calling out each other’s mistakes in a kind and effective way can help you prevent a lot of problems in the long run. Instead of blaming each other for business mishaps, you have to recognize your mistakes and learn from them. Try to be as patient as possible with each other because it is necessary for the good of your business. If you lose patience, stress will creep in and you will not be able to concentrate on more important tasks at hand.Always Delegate Tasks.  It is extremely important for you to delegate tasks to yourself according to your particular strengths and weaknesses. One person may be great at budgeting while another may be good at managing employees. You have to figure out what each of you can do in the best possible manner otherwise you will just leave your business in the lurch.Never Publicize Your Disagreements.  Disagreements among business partners are inevitable no matter if you are husband and wife or lifetime frie nds. But you should try to prevent your disagreement from becoming public at any cost. It will give an impression that you are not on the same page, adversely affecting the performance of everyone, including your employees.Don’t Lose Sight of Your Goals.  Every successful business makes a lot of money, but you need to remember that the main goal of starting the business was to make your lives better. If you think that your business has made your lives worse than ever before, there is no point to continue.Define Your Boundaries.  Finally, you have to set boundaries right from the start and always work within those boundaries. For instance, some people are comfortable with discussing their personal life at work while others simply won’t talk about their personal matters at the office. You have to do what you think is right despite the fact that there is no right and wrong in this case.ADVANTAGES OF STARTING A BUSINESS WITH FRIENDS OR AS A COUPLEThere are many benefits of starting a business with your friend or life partner and some of them are explained below.You Already Trust Each Other: As a matter of fact, there is no better person to be with when you start your business than someone you dearly love and trust. Similarly, your friend or partner is the best person to have around when things get really tough. Trust needs to be the cornerstone of your organizational culture. Starting a business with your friend or loved ones means that you are laying strong foundations for trust right from the start of your business.You Recognize Each Other’s Strengths and Weaknesses: If you are working with a person you have no prior knowledge about, you will take a long time to recognize his or her strengths and weaknesses. In the case of couples or friends, you already know where each of you perform brilliantly and where you struggle. You have seen each other in good and bad times, probably went to school together and played sports with them. This makes it possible for you to assess things quickly and settle into your respective roles easily.You Know How to Resolve Matters: As mentioned above, disagreements are commonplace in today’s fast paced business environment. Again, you will have to learn how to resolve matters with someone if you don’t have a personal relationship with him or her. You get to the root of the problem faster when you are working with your friend, husband or wife. You already know how to handle the other person and the best ways to resolve matters.Successes are Sweeter: Against common perception, the true joy of business success lies in the hard work you put in and the challenges you overcome during your journey to success rather than the ultimate destination. But â€" achieving big things with your wife or best friend is a totally different story. Feelings are simply unexplainable when you get your first customer or launch your website and celebrate the success together.Appeal of Working Together: It is a fascinating idea to work with your friend or spouse or anyone else you have known for years. You know how the other person likes to go about his business and you also know how to compliment him for his achievements. You know each other’s foibles and strengths, and can openly call him out if something wrong is going on.Softer Tax Requirements: Last but not the least, record keeping and tax requirements are much less stringent for startups owned by couples as compared to traditional partnerships. This allows you to attend to more important business needs at the start of the business rather than worrying about tax returns and keeping your books in order.Medical Coverage and Exemptions for Social Security Credits: One of the biggest reasons why businesses owned by couples crumble is self-employment taxes. However, if both partners are separately paying medical and social security taxes, you are very likely to get credit for medical coverage as well as social security. Similarly, these credits are vali d as long as both partners are actively participating in business affairs.DISADVANTAGES OF STARTING A BUSINESS WITHFRIENDS OR AS A COUPLEIf you are thinking about forming a business partnership, it is always great to start with your friends or life partner. However, chances of attaining success are more remote than the possibilities of failure, and the following explains why.You Cannot Separate Personal and Business Life: Most couples find it hard to separate business life from personal life. No matter how bad matters at work are, you should not discuss them at home and destroy your private life and vice versa. Both the partners have to develop and exercise greater control and patience regardless of how your business is doing.You Can Lose Your Partner’s Trust: It is often said that you should not invest the money which you are not prepared to lose and this is particularly true if are thinking about giving money to your relatives or friends. Your relationship will become strained f orever if anything goes wrong. As a matter of fact, both of you will not only lose your money but will also lose each other’s trust.You Cannot Run Your Business Normally: The moment you start doing business with your spouse or friends, you are set on a journey which is almost impossible to reverse or stop. It is always difficult for you to ring the bell or highlight your partner’s mistakes. Similarly, problematic assumptions and unrealistic goal settings on the part of your partner make life even harder for you. As a result, your business will not run as normal businesses do.Legal Agreements: It is absolutely important for you to put all necessary legal agreements in place no matter how much you trust each other. People tend to behave differently and often get greedy whenever money is involved. Fulfilling legal requirements may offend your partner but it helps prevent a lot of problems in the long run.Responsibilities Are Not Clear: Most couple-owned businesses suffer a terrible fate simply because none of the partners is willing to take ownership or any kind of responsibility. It is imperative for you to clearly assign responsibilities if you are starting a business with your friend or spouse.You Can’t Add Value: One of the biggest drawbacks of such businesses is that friends or couples don’t consider each other a partner or boss as they would do in a regular business. You might take more vacations than normal or may not adhere to business hours. You may also hire friends or other family members as employees which are not suitable for the job at all. Consequently, you may not be able to add real value to your business.EXAMPLES OF COMPANIES FOUNDED OR RUN BY COUPLESThere are many husbands and wives or groups of friends who have teamed up to establish some of the most successful companies in their respective industries. Following are some well-known companies established by couples or friends.Cisco SystemsLeonard Bosack and Sandy Lerner, husband and wif e, founded Cisco in December 1984 when they were working at Stanford University. As their offices were located in different buildings, they were finding it hard to smoothly email each other due to technological shortcomings at that time. To solve this problem, Bosack devised a method to connect the local area networks of the two building where he and his wife used to work.Initially, it was not easy for Leonard to sell his new technology to companies that were already providing internet networking services. Therefore, Bosack and Lerner decided to launch their own organization called Cisco Systems. With the passage of time, Cisco Systems has become the biggest manufacturer and provider of internet networking services, systems and products.EventBriteThe success story of EventBrite, an online ticketing platform for event organizers, is very strange, to say the least. Kevin Hartz suggested Julia run a company with him instead of formally proposing to her. Julia married Kevin and agreed t o establish EventBrite with him because he strongly believed that she was going to be the perfect co-founder. Today, the value of EventBrite exceeds $1 billion, and the company has sold more than 100 million tickets.EventBrite quickly grew in popularity as it provided people with an easy option to sell online tickets for an event and also to bring people together. For many years, EventBrite also remains in the limelight as one of the best businesses to work for in the Bay area.SlideShareFounded in October 2006, SlideShare has become the largest platform in the world to share slides and all types of other professional documents and content such as infographics, webinars, PDFs and videos, etc. Jon once attended a conference but could not find a place where he could share the resulting slides online. Therefore, Rashmi Sinha and Jon Boutelle established SlideShare as an online community where people could share their slides.Today, more than 60 million people visit SlideShare each month and 215 million pages are viewed on average. Similarly, SlideShare is one of the top 150 most popular websites on the planet. It is also pertinent to note that SlideShare hosts more than 15 million uploads from organizations as well as individuals on topics ranging from business to travel, technology, health and education, etc.As you can see, establishing a business partnership with your friend or life partner entails many advantages as well as disadvantages. Sometimes the experiment works out fine, but sometimes it does not. It all depends on how both partners take this new relationship. If you are serious in making this venture a success, you must anticipate all the worst case scenarios and consider all the benefits, alternatives and ramifications. You also have to decide whether you can live with the consequences and how deeply they will affect your relationship. Finally, if you believe that the risk is worth taking even after considering all these points then there is no reason for holding back.

The Dangers Of Cigarette Smoking Essay - 1669 Words

People smoke cigarettes for various reasons. Some smoke only when they are drinking alcohol and others smoke regularly. The level of smoking among the regular smokers varies from individual to individual. There are those who smoke a cigarette or two during the day and their others who smoke at least a pack a day. How people start to smoke varies. The main entry point however is peer pressure. Many smokers came to be introduced to the habit at a young age in either high school or in college or to better state it, while in that age group. Over the years, cigarette smoking has become associated with lung cancer, other forms of cancer and health issues. The number of deaths that come as a direct result of smoking has been very high. The families of those affected are left without their loved ones and with their financials significantly depleted from attempts at treatment. It is these health concerns about cigarettes that makes it an interesting topic that needs to be looked at from a historical microscope. Origins of Cigarette Cigarettes seem to have originated from parts of Mexico and Central America in the 9th century (Proctor, 2012). Some of the famous tribes and people known to have smoked cigarettes are the Aztecs and the Mayas. According to Proctor (2012) they smoked tobacco and other drugs with psychedelic effects when they performed religious rituals. This is actions have been depicted on their temples and pottery. In North America, tobaccos started being grown as aShow MoreRelatedThe Dangers Of Smoking Cigarettes786 Words   |  4 PagesDangers of Smoking Cigarettes are everywhere. They’re sold in almost every gas station, pharmaceutical store, and even ordinary grocery stores in the United States. Cigarettes have endorsements from celebrities, big tobacco companies, advertised on billboards, and through commercials. Smoking is a problem because it causes diseases which cost billions of dollars a year in healthcare. It is also the leading cause of diseases and deaths in the US. Smoking cigarettes is an unhealthy habit that unfortunelyRead MoreThe Dangers Of Cigarette Smoking1417 Words   |  6 Pagesrisks of smoking (Doll 1998). Links between smoking and malignancy of the lip and mouth were made as early as 1795 (Sà ¶mmering), with more recent studies linking smoking with lung cancer and vascular disease (Doll 1950, Doyle 1962). Smoking was initially an accepted ‘social norm’ in society, viewed simply as a glamourous habit, with little attention paid to tobacco’s addictive nature (Cummings 2016). The conc ept of physical, and more so psychological, addiction in relation to cigarette smoking is a relativelyRead MoreThe Dangers Of Smoking Cigarette Smoking Essay1627 Words   |  7 Pagesbecome popular around the globe, such as cigarette, cigar, e-cigarette, and chewing tobacco. The origin of the tobacco plant was in North and South America where the American Indian utilized tobacco for religious and medical purposes. Later on, many forms of tobacco have been created and harmful substances have been integrated in. After world war 1, the use of cigarette became significantly notorious. Several decades later in 1964, the hazards of smoking cigarette became known to the public (Boston universityRead MoreThe Dangers of Cigarette Smoking1040 Words   |  5 PagesCigarette smoking is a dangerous habit that most users regret starting on. Nowadays, smoking can cause health problems for any human. Whether or not cigarette smoking should be banned completely, has become an object of controversy in many countries. Some people think that smoking cigarettes are a helpful way to reduce stress for the moment. In my point of view, tobacco smoking has seriously negative effects such as smoking-related cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, cancer and it costsRead MoreA Study On Death Rates Essay1554 Words   |  7 Pagesbeing accompanied by Lagavulin 21 scotch or smoking a cigarette after a fulfilling dinner. Stress fallows everyone and ways to coping the pressure can be tremendous and dangerous to our health for example smoking of the cigarette. Smoking is a kind of reliance depending upon the opiate effect of nicotine on the brain and tangible framework. Cigarette smoke is tremendously hurtful to your health. There is no sheltered approach to smoke. Supplanting your cigarette with a stogie, channel, or hookah wouldRead MoreEssay On Cigarettes Should Be Banned707 Words   |  3 PagesIf you had the chance to save your own life, or even the lives of everyone around you, would you take it? Choosing to light another cigarette is choosing to commit another murder and taking another stab at your lungs. Smoking is the cause of one in five deaths each year in the United States alone. Since cigarettes can be considered a mass murder, they should be banned. They are dangerous to smokers and everybody around them, and that makes them vulnerable to secondhand smoke. Smokers are more proneRead MoreEffects of Banning Smoking Advertising Essay1657 Words   |  7 PagesEffects of Banning Smoking Advertising Cigarettes are some of the most abused drugs in the world and the effects associated with smoking have greatly influenced the intervention of health professionals concerning the legality of smoking advertisements. Ethical and legal issues have come up over the essence of restricting or completely banning cigarette advertising to reduce the number of affected individuals. Cigarettes have since time immemorial been established to cause a wide range of infectionsRead MoreElectronic Cigarettes Vs. Conventional Cigarettes928 Words   |  4 PagesAn e-cigarette is a device that some are using as their alternative to smoking a traditional cigarette. Using electronic cigarettes is commonly known to the younger demographic as â€Å"vaping†. The theory? It’s a stepping stone to ultimately stopping the addictive habit of smoking altogether; by offering an alternative that is supposedly less damaging in the long run. According to the National Institute Drug Abuse website (2015 ), the outer structure can either resemble a â€Å"traditional† cigarette orRead MoreTobacco And Its Effects On The American Economy968 Words   |  4 Pageshand-rolled a cigarette or stogie. On the normal, individuals smoked around 40 cigarettes a year. The principal business cigarettes were made in 1865 by Washington Duke on his 300-section of land ranch in Raleigh, North Carolina. His hand-rolled cigarettes were sold to warriors toward the end of the Civil War. It was not until James Bonsack concocted the cigarette-production machine in 1881 that cigarette smoking got to be broad. Bonsack s cigarette machine could make 120,000 cigarettes a day. He startedRead MoreThe Cipollone Vs. Liggett Group, Inc. Case Against Three Tobacco Companies749 Words   |  3 PagesCipollone, due to lung cancer. Mr. Cipollone claims that the tobacco companies had failed to inform his wife of the risks that came with smoking. The jury agreed that the tobacco companies had failed to warn smokers of the dangers prior to 1966. â€Å"The jury also found that Mrs. Cipollone had voluntarily and unreasonably encountered a known danger by smoking cigarettes and that this conduct by Mrs. Cipollone proximately caused her lung cancer and death† (CIPOLLONE v. LIGGETT GROUP, INC†). It was decided

The Invention of the Atomic Bomb

During World War II, American physicists and engineers conducted a race against Nazi Germany to become the first to exploit the newly understood process of nuclear fission for military applications. Their secret endeavor, which lasted from 1942 to 1945, was known as the Manhattan Project. The effort led to the invention of atomic bombs, including the two that were dropped on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, killing or injuring over 200,000 people. These attacks forced Japan to surrender and brought an end to World War II, but they also marked a crucial turning point in the early Atomic Age, raising enduring questions about the implications of nuclear warfare. The Project The Manhattan Project was named for the Manhattan, New York, home of Columbia University, one of the initial sites of atomic study in the United States.  While the research took place at several secret sites across the U.S., much of it, including the first atomic tests, occurred near Los Alamos, New Mexico. For the project, the U.S. military teamed with the best minds of the scientific community. Military operations were headed by Brig. Gen. Leslie R. Groves, and physicist  J. Robert Oppenheimer  served as the scientific director, overseeing the project from concept to reality. The Manhattan Project cost the U.S. over $2 billion in just four years. German Competition In 1938, German scientists had discovered fission, which occurs when the nucleus of an atom breaks into two equal parts. This reaction releases neutrons that break up more atoms, causing a chain reaction. Since significant energy is released in only millionths of a second, it was thought that fission could cause an explosive chain reaction of considerable force inside a uranium bomb. Beginning in the late 1930s, a number of scientists, many escaping fascist regimes in Europe, immigrated to the U.S., bringing with them news of this discovery. In 1939, physicist Leo Szilard and other American and recently immigrated scientists tried to warn the U.S. government about this new danger but did not get a response. So Szilard contacted Albert Einstein, one of the best-known scientists of the day. Einstein, a devoted pacifist, was at first reluctant to contact the government. He knew that he would be asking them to work toward creating a weapon that could potentially kill millions of people. Einstein was eventually swayed by concerns that Nazi Germany would develop the weapon first. U.S. Government Gets Involved On August 2, 1939, Einstein wrote a now-famous letter to  President Franklin D. Roosevelt, outlining the potential uses of an atomic bomb and ways to help support American scientists in their research. In response, Roosevelt created the Advisory Committee on Uranium the following October. Based on recommendations of the committee, the government outlaid $6,000 to buy graphite and uranium oxide for research. Scientists believed that graphite might be able to slow a chain reaction, keeping the bombs energy somewhat in check. The project was underway, but progress was slow until one fateful event brought the reality of war to American shores. Development of the Bomb On December 7, 1941, the  Japanese military bombed Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, the headquarters of the United States Pacific Fleet. In response, the U.S. declared war on Japan the next day and officially entered World War II. With the country at war and the realization that the United States was three years behind Nazi Germany, Roosevelt was ready to seriously support U.S. efforts to create an atomic bomb. Costly experiments began at the University of Chicago, the University of California Berkeley, and Columbia. Reactors, devices designed to initiate and control nuclear  chain reactions, were built in Hanford, Washington, and Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Oak Ridge, known as The Secret City, was also the site of a massive uranium enrichment laboratory and plant to make the nuclear fuel. Researchers worked simultaneously at all the sites to devise ways to produce the fuel. Physical chemist Harold Urey and his Columbia colleagues built an extraction system based on gaseous diffusion. At Berkeley, the inventor of the cyclotron, Ernest Lawrence, used his knowledge and skills to devise a process for magnetically separating the fuel:  uranium-235 and plutonium-239 isotopes. Research kicked into high gear in 1942. On December 2, at the University of Chicago,  Enrico Fermi  created the first successful chain reaction in which atoms were split in a controlled environment, renewing hopes that an atomic bomb was possible. Site Consolidation Another priority for the Manhattan Project soon became clear: It was becoming too dangerous and difficult to develop nuclear weapons at these scattered universities and towns. Scientists needed an isolated laboratory away from the populace. In 1942, Oppenheimer suggested the remote area of Los Alamos, New Mexico. Groves approved the site and construction began at the end of that year. Oppenheimer became the director of the Los Alamos Laboratory, which would be known as â€Å"Project Y. Scientists continued to work diligently, but it took until 1945 to produce the first nuclear bomb. Trinity Test When Roosevelt died on April 12, 1945, Vice President  Harry S. Truman  became the 33rd president of the United States. Until then, Truman had not been told of the Manhattan Project, but he was quickly briefed on the atomic bomb development. That summer, a test bomb code-named The Gadget was taken to a location in the New Mexico desert known as Jornada del Muerto, Spanish for Journey of the Dead Man. Oppenheimer code-named the test â€Å"Trinity,† a reference to a poem by John Donne. Everyone was anxious: Nothing of this magnitude had been tested before. No one knew what to expect. While some scientists feared a dud, others feared the end of the world. At 5:30 a.m. on July 16, 1945, scientists, Army personnel, and technicians donned special goggles to watch the beginning of the Atomic Age. The bomb was dropped. There was a forceful flash, a wave of heat, a stupendous shock wave, and a mushroom cloud extending 40,000 feet into the atmosphere. The tower from which the bomb was dropped disintegrated, and thousands of yards of surrounding desert sand was turned into a brilliant jade green radioactive glass. The bomb was a success. Reactions The bright light from the Trinity test stood out in the minds of everyone within hundreds of miles of the site that morning. Residents in faraway neighborhoods said the sun rose twice that day. A blind girl 120 miles from the site said she saw the flash. The men who created the bomb were astonished. Physicist Isidor Rabi expressed worry that mankind had become a threat to upset the equilibrium of nature. The test brought to Oppenheimers mind a line from the Bhagavad Gita: Now I am become death, the destroyer of worlds. Physicist Ken Bainbridge, the test director, told Oppenheimer, Now were all sons of bitches. The unease among many witnesses led some to sign petitions arguing that this terrible thing they had created could not be let loose in the world. Their protests were ignored. 2 A-Bombs End World War II Germany surrendered on May 8, 1945, two months before the Trinity test. Japan refused to surrender, despite threats from Truman that terror would fall from the sky. The war had lasted six years and involved most of the globe, resulting in the deaths of 61 million people and the displacement of countless others. The last thing the U.S. wanted was a ground war with Japan, so the decision was made to drop an atomic bomb. On August 6, 1945, a bomb named â€Å"Little Boy† for its relatively small size was  dropped on Hiroshima, Japan, by the Enola Gay. Robert Lewis, co-pilot of the B-29 bomber, wrote in his journal moments later, My God, what have we done? traumlichtfabrik / Getty Images The target of Little Boy was the Aioi Bridge, which spanned the Ota River. At 8:15 that morning the bomb was dropped, and by 8:16 over 66,000 people near ground zero were dead. Some 69,000 more were injured, most burned or suffering from radiation sickness, from which many would later die. This single atomic bomb produced absolute devastation. It left a total vaporization zone of one-half mile in diameter. The total destruction area extended to one mile, while the impact of a severe blast was felt for two miles. Anything flammable within two and a half miles was burned, and blazing infernos were seen up to three miles away. On August 9, after Japan still refused to surrender, a second bomb was dropped, a plutonium bomb named â€Å"Fat Man† after its round shape. The bombs target was the city of Nagasaki, Japan. Over 39,000 people were killed and 25,000 injured. Japan surrendered on August 14, 1945, bringing an end to World War II. Aftermath The deadly impact of the atomic bomb was immediate, but the effects would last for decades. The fallout caused radioactive particles to rain on Japanese who had survived the blast, and more lives were lost to radiation poisoning. Survivors of the bombs passed radiation on to their descendants. The most prominent example was an alarmingly high rate of leukemia among their children. The bombings at Hiroshima and Nagasaki revealed the true destructive power of these weapons. Though countries throughout the world have continued to develop nuclear weapons, there have also been movements to promote nuclear disarmament, and anti-nuclear treaties have been signed by major world powers. Source Manhattan Project. Encyclopaedia Britannica.

Video Game Ethical Issues Free Essays

Kuan-Yu Lin Brenda Varda HMN-101-01 10/28/2012 Ethical Issue Essay: Final Draft Video games have always been an important part of the entertainment industry since its appearance in 1970’s. They have been played worldwide and effect many people. While the children are already playing the games, the number of women gamers, as well as the age level of gamers in general is increasing. We will write a custom essay sample on Video Game Ethical Issues or any similar topic only for you Order Now As technology advances, video games with more diversity and real-life experience are slowly creeping into parts of our life and gaining its momentum in the society. Due to its quick development, many ethical issues associated with video games have been brought to our attention. Therefore, we should understand how video games are ethically influencing people within its realm. The four major ethical issues which will be discussed are issues of violence, education, stereotyping and addiction. Video games are enjoying fast-growing popularity, becoming a major component of young people’s social lives and leisure activities. First of all, a major concern which has been discussed continuously regarding video games is violence. Violence in video games is considered as the visual presentation of characters fighting, gun shooting, physical injury or death to characters. Recently, more and more video games involving violent behavior are taking over the game selection on the shelves. Comparing to games made in the 70’s, 80’s, recent games feature tougher, more aggressive heroines and more games are made specifically for adults. Research consistently declares that most top-selling video games involve violence. In order to prevent the potential harm to children, youth and society of this negative influence, lots of research has focused on the consequence of violent video games. Video game research indicates that playing violent video games increases aggression, hostility, and aggressive thoughts. (Anderson, Buckley, Gentile, 2007; Anderson Bushman, 2001; Anderson, Carnagey, Flanagan, Benjamin, Eubanks Valentine, 2004;Anderson Dill, 2000). In their research, they conclude that engaging games which have content related to violence may possibly increase a person’s aggressive thoughts, feelings, and behavior in real life. Some other studies focusing on college student playing video games also point out that students playing violent games are also engaging in more aggressive behavior. It has been claimed by many critics of the media industry that the incident at Columbine High School in Littleton, Colorado on April 20, 1999 was caused by the influence of violent video games. It was shown on BBC news that both students shooters, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, had played and enjoy violent video games. â€Å"Relatives of people killed in the Columbine massacre are seeking damages from computer game makers, claiming their products helped bring about the killings. † Although video games can help players relieving stress, they can also affect gamers in a harmful way. It is both the players’ and the game makers’ responsibility to be aware of the negative effects of video gaming. Games with harmful content might be leading negative effects; they still have values considered being beneficial in certain aspect. Games are popular in the community of youth and have many qualities that make them wonderful teaching tools. Through the educational perspective, both adults and children learn many things by playing video games. Games with positive content show positive effects. For example, playing a dancing video game can help children lose weight (Konami’s Dance Dance Revolution, 2007; O’Hannon, 2007; Epstein, Beecher, Graf Roemmich, 2007). As mentioned before, videogames could be an excellent tool for learning. In particular, players are learning in an active way with practice and feedback. Because they are fun, children are highly motivated with video gaming, when people are motivated, they usually perform better, thus lead in to a better result. Also, games usually have clear objectives with adaptable difficulty levels. Games with increasing difficulty across levels allow player to apply past learning. Lastly, games allow children to apply to what they learn in different problems and contexts. Some believe that video games help improve life skill such as logic and problem solving. They also can improve hand-eye coordination and leadership skills, which can be useful for military training purposes. Having realized the efficiency and the joyful quality of learning experience in gaming, educators are able to take advantage of the positive learning characteristics of games by using the well-designed software in order to teach children more effectively. While the issues associated with violence in video games have caused huge concern among children, gender, and racial stereotypes in video games are also causing problems which require more attention. There is an unbalanced proportion between male and female game players and developers. According to a recent study the average gamer age was in the mid to late 20’s with 60% men playing and 40% women. †2 The whole gaming industry is overwhelmed by the male population. Most of the games on the market are targeted to only male players. Dietz’s, one of the earliest studies to examine stereotypical portrayals in video games, analyzed the depiction of women in a sample of 33 most popular Nintendo and Sega Genesis video ga mes. The study categorized the female characters in those games into four possible stereotypes based on their appearances and behaviors. Females as sex objects or prizes, females as victims, females in feminine roles, and females as heroes or action characters. Not surprisingly, Dietz (1998) found that 41% of the games were devoid of female characters. Only 15% (5 out of 33) portrayed women as heroes or action characters, while 21% (7 out of 33) portrayed women as victims or as so called ‘damsel in distress’. At the same time, in 28% of these games, women were portrayed as sex objects based upon physical appearance or sexually-oriented actions. Following the discussion of female character as indicator of sexuality, most of the female characters in video games have clothing that exposed more skin than the male characters. The research also found out that the female characters appearing in gaming most likely wear low-cut clothing. About half of the female characters have bare arms and legs with big busted figure. * In essence, these female characters in video games were portrayed in a stereotypical way in which they were exaggerated by sexy attire. That leads to the exclusion of female players in video game industry. Although the number of game designed for female gamers is increasing slowly, it is crucial for both consumers and game makers to make the video games more engaging for both sexes either by changing the content of the game or by expanding the choice of games. They should be designed in a way that they are attractive for both male and female players. Finally, the last ethical issue I want to talk about is the addiction of engaging video games. Some people spent immense amount of time playing video games and caused them to lose valuable time participating in activities which are more beneficial for them. However, video games could be considered as one of social activities because friends, siblings, and other relatives can play with it. Bibliography (not yet in proper MLA format, I will work on in for the final paper) http://evvy09. hubpages. com/hub/Video-Games-Have-Changed-the-World http://www. ethicapublishing. com/ethical/3CH12. pdf https://www. msu. edu/~pengwei/Mou%26Peng_gender%20and%20racial%20stereotype. pdf http://news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/science/nature/1295920. stm How to cite Video Game Ethical Issues, Essay examples

Organization Development and Change Diversity Management

Question: Discuss about the Organization Development and Change Diversity Management. Answer: Introduction: In a highly competitive market, each organization is trying its best in order to ensure the maximization of its profit. However, an organization will fail to achieve organizational success, if it does not take into consideration the satisfaction level of its employees that in turn can help in enhancing their productivity, and improving their efficiency rate at workplace. This is exactly the problem with the small, emerging organization of Australia, The Yum, specializing in the production and sale of healthy and yet dainty food items, such as snacks and sweets, rich in nutritious content. Though the organization is an emerging one set up in the year of 2006, it has a huge prospect in future, as by exploiting innovative strategies, the organization has been able to boost its sales growth, boasting of a high rate of profitability. However, despite the rise in the revenue earning capacity of the organization, one major obstacle of the company impeding its growth in recent times, has bee n a sense of discontentment arising from lack of unity among the diverse workforce (Alvesson and Sveningsson 2015). The organization hires a diverse workforce, whereby the employees hired, belong to different ethnic groups, possessing various cultural identities. It has been observed on various occasions, that there is a lack of unity among the employees forming the workforce, and most of the employees do not feel a sense of belonging, while working for the organization. While most of the employees are highly professional at workplace, their competitive spirit, and almost a hostile attitude towards the employees, belonging to a different ethnic group, is de-motivating the employees (Senge 2014). This is having a direct impact on the productivity and efficiency rate of the employees (Cameron and Green 2014). Further, it has been observed that since the majority of the employees working in a subordinate position are native Australians, the appointment of a CEO and an administrative manager, belonging to the indigenous origin in the year of 2012, has also created unwanted difference among the employe es and the managerial heads. While the employee relation is at stake, the possibility of the smooth operation of the business activities of the company, in a systematically organized way is being challenged. Some of the employees, especially belonging to the minor ethnic groups, have also complained of being victimized by workplace abuse, that has led to the high employee turnover rate problems, within the company. Hence, taking into consideration the adverse impact of employee relations on the productivity of the organization, an internal organizational change management program has been proposed. As far as the internal organizational change is concerned, it can be of various types, including structural change, strategic change as well as people change (Cummings and Worley 2014). However, in case of The Yum, the people change strategy will be adopted, that will aim to achieve employee cohesion, developing a sense of belonging among each of the employees. The management of a heterog eneous workforce comes off as a huge challenge, and hence proper organizational change management programs are required to be properly addressed. Kotters 8 Step Model: Change has become the new success formula for organizations operating in the competitive industries. Each company is trying its best to change, innovate and re-invent its strategies, to stay ahead in the competition. While some organizations are trying its best to implement technological improvements, other organizations are deeming the idea of introducing change in the leadership style (Mishra 2013). As far as The Yum is concerned, the organization is doing well in generating profit for itself, and hence the change in the administrative or financial section of the company is not required immediately. Hence, the change in the organizational culture is required, which will be implemented, by employing the use of the famous model, Kotters 8 Step Model. While an organization considering introducing change at workplace, may employ the use of various models, the most effective model for this case is the 8 Step Model of Kotter. According to John Kotter, the eminent professor of the Harvard University, it is not sufficient to introduce change by formulating and implementing a strategy, as there are several important steps involved in the middle that should not be altogether overlooked (Hickman and Ojo 2014). Before explaining each step involved in the change management program implementation, it is important to state and comprehend the proposed changes. First of all, a set of stringent workplace policies should be introduced, that will mandate the recruitment of an inclusive workforce. There should be strict rules that as and when the organizational vacancy arises, employees should be recruited, making a separate reservation for the ethnically minor groups of people. These policies will render a legal framework to the organizational problem, and hence it will reduce the possibility of policy violation within the organization. It should be noted that The Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission Act of 1986 as well as the Racial Discrimination Act of 1975, have mad e it mandatory for the organizations, operating in Australia, to introduce an inclusive workforce (D'Netto et al. 2014). Besides, making stringent rules is not sufficient, and hence a supervisory committee will be set up, that will be entrusted with the duty of monitoring the employee relations within the organization, and whether each policy is being properly followed by the employees. Again, the organization will arrange a variety of workshops, seminars and training programs that will help in developing the cultural awareness and a sense of unity among the employees, of the diverse workforce (Whitworth et al. 2014). It is not sufficient to train and educate the employees regarding the needs to be friendly with the co-employees, but The Yum will also ensure that the employees enjoy a sense of co-ordination and collaboration for accomplishing a single task. Accordingly, each week, the organization will arrange interactive sessions and fun, interesting activities, whereby each employ ee will learn and explore about his colleagues, and the participation will be mandatory for all. In accordance with the 8 steps involved in the diagram, the implementation of the organizational change will be introduced. Create an Urgency: First of all, it should be noted that none of the employees will agree to participate in the seminars, or stay back after scheduled official time, for participating in the interactive sessions, if the employees do not feel a sense of compulsion. Hence, the management authority must adopt an organized approach, whereby the employees will be asked to attend important meetings at least two times a week, before the change is being introduced. The meetings can be hosted by the managers, whereby they will communicate how diverse workforce benefits other organizations, and hence should be implemented in The Yum as well. Form a Powerful Coalition: The importance of the coalition cannot be understated. For the successful implementation of the plan, it is highly important that a group of change leaders is being chosen who will have a clear idea about the scope and direction of the plan (Calegari et al. 2014). Since the CEO and the administrative manager themselves have been victimized by the problem of cultural differences, it is discreet to choose the HR managers and the Directors of the organization. Besides, a few employee relation experts should also be hired who will also explain the benefits of having an organized workforce, and will motivate the employees to participate in the workshops and training programs. Create a Vision for Change: The introduction of a sudden change can lead to undesirable resistance from the employees. The employees may not comprehend the importance of the proposed change, unless they are being convinced of a meaningful vision (Calegari). Accordingly, a vision will be created, focusing on the importance of achieving employee unity in increasing the profitability of the organization. Communicate the Vision: The vision will be communicated by the higher authority to the employees, explaining both the importance of accomplishing the vision, as well as mentioning the time period within which the organization aims to achieve the vision (Osiyevskyy and Dewald 2015). Empower and Remove the Obstacles: Once the vision and the change are being introduced it is important to inspire each employee to follow the change. Hence, accordingly, even after the change is being implemented, the organization will ensure that it holds meetings at regular intervals, for the purpose of motivating the employees, to embrace the change. Besides, the employees must be encouraged to provide their feedback, doubts or queries regarding the change, if any. Create Short-Term Wins: The generation of the short-term wins is important for incentivizing the employees to work harder for the change (Osiyevskyy and Dewald 2015). As and when slight improvements in the employee relation is being observed, the organization will build momentum and enthusiasm among the workers. For example, The Yum can announce a monthly award for The Friendliest Employee or The Best Partner to Work with, so as to improve employee relation. Build on the Change: Even after the change is being implemented, the organization should keep on building on the change, by hiring employees belonging to the indigenous groups, or promoting employees of minor ethnic groups to managerial designations, provided they possess the required skill and professional expertise. Make it Stick: The proposed change should stay with the organization. Hence, the supervisory committee should regularly monitor and supervise the change within the organization. In case of the violation of the policies, it should be ensured that immediate action should be taken (Calegari et al. 2015). The implementation of the change is expected to bring about organizational success. Cultural diversity in workplace implies the diversity of skills, professional expertise and knowledge, that is sure to benefit the organization. The Yum is expected to benefit as a result of the multiple perspectives and professional knowledge of a variety of employees. Besides, cultural diversity is an important issue that each Australian organization is needed to be taken into consideration. Since Australia is one of the most culturally diverse nations, workplace diversity is a very sensitive issue. In case, any emerging organization is being accused of having workplace diversity problems, the organization may lose its brand recognition in the consumer market (Barak 2013). On the other hand, a more unified diverse workforce will always feel motivated to increase its efficiency, ultimately benefitting the organization. Many Australian organizations have been found to have participated in a national t elevision campaign, for promoting the economic benefits of hiring a diverse workforce. The campaign has rightly emphasized that a well-managed workforce also helps to reduce the huge cost involved in case of high employee turnover problems. With the introduction of a well-organized culturally diverse workforce, the return on investment as well as the share price is expected to increase. Besides, Australian government has strict rules that mandate the existence of a highly diverse workforce, and hence even recognizes companies by offering ACLWs Diversity Award and AHRI HR Awards for promoting workplace diversity (Mason and Aramovich 2013). Needless to state, these awards and accolades will help the organization gain recognition in the local as well as overseas market. This will definitely have a desirable impact on the economic realm of the organization. A sense of unity and a sense of belonging help to motivate and enthuse the employees, who intend to work harder for the accomplishm ent of goals. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, an organization suffers from a huge financial expenditure, if it loses a single employee, while on the other hand, the retention of the employees, helps in ensuring organizational success in the long run. By introducing change in the organizational culture, the company will be able to motivate its employees, by creating a positive work environment to work in. Besides, as a culturally diverse workplace, the organization will also be able to gain easy recognition among the masses, which will have a direct, positive impact on the consumer purchasing behavior. As and when a strategy is being formulated, its successful implementation will not only rely on the individual employee, but also on the shared vision of the employees. In case the employees have differences among themselves, it will be difficult to accomplish the tasks that require joint effort and coordinated approach (Tynjl 2013). In absence of employee unity, the organ ization is likely to encounter challenges such as employee conspiracy, backstabbing and hypocrisy. As and when the employees will be working with selfish interests or biased attitudes, they will fail to contribute to the overall success of the organization. As far as the external factors are concerned, it should be noted that the Australian government follows a strict legal framework, that seems to justify employee equality and fair treatment at workplace, and hence the implementation of the proposed change will be legally supported. However, on the other hand, since the majority of the employees at The Yum are native Australians, the employees may show resistance and reluctance during the initial phase. Hence, the selection of the most suitable change agents, for persuading the employees to embrace the change, and accomplish the common goals is highly important (Bond and Haynes 2014). Conclusion: Each organization works on the principle of team work, as the employees are required to accomplish the tasks by co-coordinating with each other. Since there is a continuous sense of collaboration needed, for implementing any strategy, the organization should necessarily introduce a well-organized diverse workforce. A sense of unity and belonging created by an organization, is important, if the organization intends to achieve success. The organization, by implementing the proposed change, will be able to enhance the employee engagement. While the training programs can train the employees about the benefit of having a diverse workforce, the workshops and seminars will be able to potentially influence the behavior and the communication style to be adopted by the employees. Again, the unification of team can be easily achieved by the incorporation of the fun, interesting activities, such as games, quiz shows or family get together activities. These steps help in developing mutual love, c are, trust and co-ordination among the employees, ensuring a healthy workplace. Besides, the implementation of the strict workplace policies, encouraging and promoting employee unity, also helps in increasing shareholder value of the organization. The more culturally aware the organization is, the more will the organization succeed in attracting the attention of the consumers. Reference List: Alvesson, M. and Sveningsson, S., 2015.Changing organizational culture: Cultural change work in progress. Routledge. Barak, M.E.M., 2013.Managing diversity: Toward a globally inclusive workplace. Sage Publications. Bond, M.A. and Haynes, M.C., 2014. Workplace diversity: A socialecological framework and policy implications.Social Issues and Policy Review,8(1), pp.167-201. Calegari, M.F., Sibley, R.E. and Turner, M.E., 2015. A Roadmap for Using Kotter's Organizational Change Model to Build Faculty Engagement in Accreditation.Academy of Educational Leadership Journal,19(3), p.31. Calegari, M.F., Sibley, R.E. and Turner, M.E., 2015. A Roadmap for Using Kotter's Organizational Change Model to Build Faculty Engagement in Accreditation.Academy of Educational Leadership Journal,19(3), p.31. Calegari, M.F., Sibley, R.E. and Turner, M.E., 2015. A Roadmap for Using Kotter's Organizational Change Model to Build Faculty Engagement in Accreditation.Academy of Educational Leadership Journal,19(3), p.31. Cameron, E. and Green, M., 2015.Making sense of change management: a complete guide to the models, tools and techniques of organizational change. Kogan Page Publishers. Chrobot-Mason, D. and Aramovich, N.P., 2013. The psychological benefits of creating an affirming climate for workplace diversity.Group Organization Management,38(6), pp.659-689. Cummings, T.G. and Worley, C.G., 2014.Organization development and change. Cengage learning. D'Netto, B., Shen, J., Chelliah, J. and Monga, M., 2014. Human resource diversity management practices in the Australian manufacturing sector.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,25(9), pp.1243-1266. George, P., MacDonnell, C., Nimmagadda, J., Murphy, J. and Dollase, R., 2015. Designing interprofessional education curriculum using multiple conceptual frameworks.Annals of Behavioral Science and Medical Education,21(1), pp.9-13. Hickman, S. and Ojo, O., 2014. Implementing Early supported discharge, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Community, Primary care, Multidisciplinary team, Change management, Kotter's 8-step Model.GSTF Journal of Nursing and Health Care (JNHC),1(1). Mishra, S., 2013, September. Relevance of Kotters Model for Change in Successfully Implementing Lean. InIFIP International Conference on Advances in Production Management Systems(pp. 540-547). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Osiyevskyy, O. and Dewald, J., 2015. Inducements, impediments, and immediacy: exploring the cognitive drivers of small business managers' intentions to adopt business model change.Journal of Small Business Management,53(4), pp.1011-1032. Senge, P.M., 2014.The dance of change: The challenges to sustaining momentum in a learning organization. Crown Business. Tynjl, P., 2013. Toward a 3-P model of workplace learning: a literature review.Vocations and learning,6(1), pp.11-36. 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During The 1980s, Japan Had One Of The Most Profitable And Efficient

During the 1980's, Japan had one of the most profitable and efficient economies in the world. But a recent recession has forced Japan to make changes and pushed them back, out of the realm of being an economic superpower. This leaves just one question; when analyzing Japan's strengths and weakness, is it likely for them to return to the economic status they enjoyed during the 1980's? The answer is no. Because of Japanese false illusions, increasing national debt and deflation, combined with other factors, it is unlikely that Japan will be able to make a full recovery. When analyzing something as complex as a country suffering from a national recession, it is important to note their various strengths. During the 1980's, Japan exploded onto the global economic scene. The Japanese established themselves among the ranks of the United States and various European powers. One of the greatest strengths enjoyed by Japan is the absence of any military institution. After World War II, the United States, in congruence with the other allied powers, declared that Japan was no longer to have a national military. Just think about that, military expenses account for a great portion of any countries national budget. Japan, now without military, had large amounts of money freed up by this policy (Nishiyama, 2). They no longer had to endure the expenses of maintaining any standing military, nor did they have to invest money in keeping pace with military technological advancements. Instead, Japan was promised military assistance by the United States, if any situation were to arise. With more money available to the Japanese government, they were able to distribute more to other sectors of the country. This was an extreme boost for the economic situation of Japan and their citizens (Nishiyama, 2). But as time moved on, the United States slowly moved to lessen it's role in the protection of Japan. They allowed Japan to form what is called Self Defense Forces, and gradually began to transfer the responsibility of national security back to the Japanese (Alexander, 3). The concept of Self Defense Forces is pretty evident. It means that Japan is know capable of defending themselves against attack, but cannot make an attack of their own. This has placed a burden on Japan, one that they have not had since the conclusion of World War II. This can be compared to an individual that has worked for the last 50 or so years for the same wages, and then suddenly he is informed of a large expense that he would have to endure, using only his previous wages. This is what Japan had to deal with, and is still trying to deal with today. Probably the most important strength of the Japanese economy is their relation both economically and politically with the United States. The United States, for one thing, has been one of the most prominent importers of Japanese products (Motohiro, 1). The United States rely on a number of Japanese goods, ranging from automobiles to electronics. Japan, being the small country that it is, needs to export a majority of its domestically produced goods. The United States satisfies this need through their dependence on Japanese goods and by imposing minimal tariffs and taxes on Japanese products (Motohiro, 1). The United States has been a stable and reliable market for Japanese goods. Before Japan feel into deep recession in the early 1990's, Japan was often relied upon to keep the global economy intact (Yomiuri Shimbun, 1). But in recent years, Japan has not been able to contribute at the same levels as it had in prior years. Presently, the United States has shouldered the weight of the global economy, providing relief to Japan during their own personal downward turn (Yomiuri Shimbun, 1). What is meant by relief is the United States contributing more to the Global economy, so that Japan doesn't have to maintain its previous contributions. The United States realized that if Japan had continued its immense role in the global economy, it would have eventually meant the overall demise of Japan's national economy (Yomiuri Shimbun, 1). With the United States taking on this extra burden, they are allowing Japan to attempt to rebuild their own economic system, without any

The Bomb That Saved Millions Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers

The Bomb That Saved Millions Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers The Bomb That Saved Millions The Terror that Saved Millions The atomic bomb and it's use over the two Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki is still a source of heated debate even over fifty years later. Many people on both sides -Japan and The United States- hold the belief that Truman's decision to drop the bomb was a mistake and that under no circumstances should such drastic measures be taken in war. What these people do not realize are the far more horrible alternatives than the destruction of just two cities: an invasion of mainland Japan where millions of more deaths would have occurred, Soviet aid resulting in the division of Japan into a communist nation and the destruction of their culture, the deaths of thousands of Allied prisoners of war held in Japan, and the threat of renewed hostilities from Japan not to mention the possibility of several more years of bloody conflict. Throughout the course of this paper all of these examples will be discussed, as well as why Truman's decision was the most humane and rational for all the n ations involved, including Japan. Axis power in Europe was destroyed, Hitler and Mussolini were dead, their armies annihilated, their nation's in ruins, Japan however was not. Though weakened from a near four year long war with the Allies, the Japanese continued fighting, as was their code, to fight to the death, and never surrender. President Harry Truman in the interest of saving both American and Japanese lives from an invasion of mainland Japan, authorized the use atomic bombs against Japan. The first atomic bomb to be used on Japan was composed of uranium. It was dropped on Hiroshima, Japan, on Aug. 6, 1945. The explosion, which had the force of more than 15,000 tons of TNT, instantly and completely devastated 10 square kilometers of the heart of this city of 343,000 inhabitants. Of this number, 66,000 were killed immediately and 69,000 were injured, more than 67 percent of the city's structures were destroyed or damaged. The next atomic bomb to be exploded was of the plutonium type, it was dropped on Nagasaki three days later, producing a blast equal to 21,000 tons of TNT. The terrain and smaller size of Nagasaki reduced destruction of life and property, but nevertheless 39,000 people were killed and 25,000 injured, while 40 percent of the city's structures were destroyed or seriously damaged. Preceding the bombing of Hiroshima the Americans had pledged that if the Japanese did not agree to an unconditional surrender and an immediate conclusion to all hostilities that they would bomb Japan with atomic weapons. The Japanese called the Americans on a bluff or simply dismissed the American's words as tough talk and nothing more, unfortunately for the Japanese, the Americans did have the weapons they claimed they did, and weren't afraid to use them. Hiroshima was destroyed, though a catastrophe for the Japanese, it still did not mean their surrender. The Japanese, urged by their military establishment to continue the pursuit of victory still did not respond to the American threat. It took the Japanese another lost city in Nagasaki three days later to commence peace negotiations. It was too late for over 100,000 people by the time the treaty was signed aboard the American Battleship U.S. Missouri on September.2nd 1945. Japan had in essence, been defeated months before the bomb was dropped, the problem no longer existed to defeat Japan, but to secure her surrender- a far more difficult task. Quite simply, the Japanese did not believe in surrender. Their nation had never lost a war. In addition, Japan's fighting men held ingrained beliefs that to surrender was to disgrace one's self and one's nation. So deeply were these thoughts held that even after both bombs had been detonated and the entry of the Soviet Union into the war, the Japanese military still opposed surrender bitterly, and would prefer death than dishonorable capitulation. With a foe with a mind set such as this, only two options could be considered by the United States government. One being the use of atomic weapons and the other being the invasion of mainland Japan. According to Truman's top military advisors, an invasion of mainland Japan would cost

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Impact of interest rate changes on bank profitability

Impact of interest rate changes on bank profitability Over the years, banking system in Pakistan shown enormous growth and potential. The performance and stability indicators showed significant improvement in the profitability of banking system. But now a days banking sector going under pressure. Such as liquidity crunch and solvency problem have significant impact on the performance of banking sector and economy. The financial institution could have managed the situation without any trouble if they have sufficient amount of liquidity available to fulfill their obligation. Since they are operating in very tight market conditions. So, they are forces to pay attractive rates to depositors to attract liquidity. Although the State Bank of Pakistan reduced the Cash Reserve Requirement (CRR) and Statutory Liquidity Requirement (SLR) on demand and Time Liabilities to ease the liquidity in the market. The governments instead of developing their own recourses empower banks to generate money and then borrow from banks. The huge amount of borrowin g from banks by the government its disturbing the economy. The government not only curtails its borrowing from banks but also put some sort of check on power of money. All these factors have combined to set a stage where lending rates are high and having great amount of burden on banks financials. The amount of non performing loans increased at rapid speed despite of heavy amount of provision created by the bank in recent years. The increasing asset quality concerns would force the banks to book heavy provisions for non performing loans (NPLs). The stability of the banking system is conditional upon the stability of overall economy. A stable macroeconomic environment contributes to effective and efficient growth of saving and investment decision. Appropriate macroeconomic measures should support the functioning of the banking system more specifically in the areas of financial stabilization, transparent fiscal policy and monetary policy. The major contributor role of effective and efficient growth in the economy is played by the State Bank of Pakistan and provides guideline to the financial institution to play their role in the development by mobilizing the resources of the economy and facilitating the investors. The success of a bank also depends on the ability to forecast and avoid risk, to cover the losses brought about by the arisen risk. Profit is the important requirement of a competitive banking institution and the cheapest source of funds. It is essential to see it not simply as a result, but also a necessity for successful banking in a growing competition on financial market. These important facts together are the reason for this to focus on the current topical issue of banks profitability. We will highlight problems which are influencing on banks effectiveness and efficiency to manage their portfolio such as assets and liabilities in aiming at to achieve profitability and identify the areas where it might have possible room for raising the bank profitability. Banks assets are grouped into two categories earning assets and non earning assets. Earning assets means those on which banks earns interest income and non earning assets means those which used for the purpose reserve requirem ent, fixed assets to run day to day operational activities. In this study we have focus on earning assets. This included Placement and lending to financial institution, investment in securities and loan advances. These assets are the major source of income for bank. Therefore, it is apparent that average income generation ability of these assets has a decisive influence on the banks profitability. As financial intermediary, banks play a vital role in the operation of most economic development. The efficiency of financial intermediation can also affect the economic growth. Banks are different from other firms in that they provide financial services, the reward to which is an interest rate, and the most of the funding are financed by the deposits or borrowing, the expense of which is also an interest rate. Interest margin, the difference between what a bank has earns on its earning assets and what is paid to depositor. It has been on upward trend during the last decade. An increase in the spread would affect the depositor or the borrower or both stand loose at same time. The lack of alternate avenues of financial intermediation aggravates the adverse impact of spread. For example, if the State Bank of Pakistan based on the monetary policy change the interest rate. Then the change in the interest rate influences the cost of capital that in turn affects the level of consumption an d investment decision. If the increase in the spread is due to decrease the rate to depositors then this discourage the saving, and alternatively if due to increase the rate it would have adverse impact on investment. Therefore, these changes in the interest rate have important implication on the economy. Banks are more sensitive to interest rate changes than most of the other institutions. The effect of interest rate changes on banks profitability has been an important issue for banking system. It has been argued that bank exposure to interest rate risk perhaps the most important issue in participating the saving and investment crises. 1.2: Problem Statement The impacts of interest rate changes have a significant impact on the bank profitability. When interest rate changes it would result in increase or decrease in the interest income of the bank and also have adverse affect on depositors saving and borrower investment decision. 1.3: Objective This research aims to study the impact of interest rate changes on banks profitability based on the following variables directly affecting the banks profitability Interest rate Balances with other banks Deposits accounts Lending to Financial Institution Investments Loan Advances 1.4: Research Scope and Limitation The scope of this research is to find out the impact of interest rate changes on banks profitability. There are few limitation involved in the study. The sample selection consists of five major banks. Which covers the 57% market share of the Pakistan banking industry. The basis for calculation of income is KIBOR rate. The banking system starts using as benchmark as KIBOR rate from 2002 onward. Therefore, our study period is 2003 2008. 1.6 Chapter Summary The banking sector shown enormous potential in previous years. Banking sector achieved high profitability and economy was stable. But from 2008 onward banking sector going through a financial crises such as liquidity and solvency problem. To control the uncertain condition of the country. The central bank reduces the Cash Reserve Requirement and Statutory Liquidity Requirement. So, banks have more liquidity to fulfill their obligations. On the other hand Central Bank increases the discount rate to control the money supply in the market. Which result in higher interest rates. Due to the increase in interest rate and financial crises borrowers default ratio increase and financial institution suffer large amount of losses during the period. This increasing amount of asset quality concerns would force the bank to book heavy provision for non performing loans (NPLs). The stability of the banking system is dependant on the economy. A stable macroeconomic condition will contribute to effect ive and efficient growth of saving and investment. Banks play as role of financial intermediary in the development of economy. If the central bank made any change in the monetary policy it will affect the performance of financial institution. Then the changes in the interest rate will affect the saving and investment. If the spread increases due to decrease in the rate to depositor then it will discourage the depositor and alternatively if due to increase in the rate to borrower then it will affect the investment decision. Therefore, banks are more sensitive to interest rate changes then the other institution. The effect of interest rate has been todays most important issue for banking sector. Chapter 2: Literature Review The study of Flannery, (1981) showed that large banking organizations (1978 assets greater than $2 billion) are well hedged against interest rate fluctuations. The large banks made necessary adjustment to avoid interest rate fluctuation by revising the repayment schedule rate as per the agreement with customer to minimize their interest rate risk. The some of the borrower pay quarterly, half yearly and annual payments. So, as per the agreement schedule bank revise the rates which minimize the risk of bank. When market rate change, the large banking organization made necessary adjustments to avoid interest rate volatility in revenue and cost. The mostly organization have mis matched balance sheet such as they borrow from customer and financial institution at shorter period or maturity and give lending to customer and financial institution at longer period. It would create mis match between balance sheet. Therefore, banks are exposing to interest rate risk and liquidity risk. To avoid the liquidity risk the banks develop relationship with financial institution to overcome their liquidity problem on immediate basis and for interest rate they minimize the risk by revising the interest rate of the contract as per the agreement. The finding of this article suggests that most bank posses a sufficient range of assets and liabilities choices to avoid the risk. This study employs annual data from the federal Reports of Income and Condition on individual insured banks in continuous existence from 1960 through 1978. Twelve banks were chosen at random from the national population in each of five asset size categories (based on year-end 1978 assets): less than $25 million, $25- 25-49.9 million, $50-99.9 million, $100-299.9 million, and greater than $300 million. Holding company subsidiary banks were excluded from the first four size million, $100-299.9 million, and greater than $300 million. Holding company subsidiary banks were excluded from the first four size groups; 3 banks above $300 million were included regardless of their subsidiary status, since large independent banks may not be representative of the population Flannery, (1983). In this study data collected from the federal report of income and condition f rom 1960 to 1978. Population of Twelve banks randomly chosen for analysis and break into 5 different assets size categories on the basis of 1978 assets: less than $25 million, greater than $25 and less than $49.9 million, greater than $50 and less than $99.9 million, greater than $100 and less than $299.9 million and greater than $300 millions. In this study holding companys subsidiary excluded from first four groups and greater than $300 million includes the subsidiary banks of holding company and regression techniques had been used in the analysis. The result of the study showed that commercial banks groups are substantial exposed to interest rate risk and individual bank choose alternatives to avoid such risk. Bank possess sufficient amount of funds available in the form of assets and liabilities to minimize those risk and try to get productive results. The study of Barajas et.al (1999) showed that a key variable in the financial system is the spread between lending and deposit interest rates. When it is too large, it is generally regarded as a considerable impediment to the expansion and development of financial intermediation, as it discourages potential savers with low returns on deposits and limits financing for potential borrowers, thus reducing feasible investment opportunities and therefore the growth potential of the economy. The key point of financial institution is the spread between Loan and deposits rate differences. When the lending rate is high and deposits rate is low then which results in higher the profitability for the financial institution but on the other hand it will discourage the depositor. Because the depositors getting low return on their savings and also discouraging for the borrowers because the financial institution charging high interest rate. If the financial institution doing the same then it would red ucing the saving confidence on depositor and borrower will try to avoid to borrow from financial institution. Which resulting in reducing the investments opportunities because the saving money not contributing to the economy. Financial system of developing countries showing larger spread difference as compare to the developed countries. Based on the balance sheet and profit loss information the author derived two data base. One data base developed on basis of quarterly data from 1974-1988 and other on the basis of monthly data from 1991-1996. In the period 1974-1980 the spread between loan and deposits increasing steadily and then start decreasing during the period 1981-1988 reached to 19 percent and again decreased during the period of 1991-1996. The evidence provided by the author clearly suggest that the during 1974-1980 spread increased and then during the 1981-1990 significantly decreased. This showed that the loan quality during the period remained stable and reserve ratio re quirement decreased and consistent spreads and cost lower the productivity of the state bank. A study of Maisal, Robert (1978) showed that financial markets is the degree and rapidity with which financial institution react to new information and shift funds among asset and liability classes so as to equalize marginal cost and returns. Many analysts assume that markets are efficient, that transaction and information costs are negligible or unimportant, and that borrowing and lending hedging and arbitrage are simple and available at or close to risk free rates. As a result, they believe that they can successfully predict the results of all types of markets actions and reactions without concern for institutional forces. The financial markets are so efficient that they get rapidly information and on the basis of information they are making quick decision regarding the fund management such as assets, liability, cost and income. When all the information readily available then it reduces the cost and increase efficiency of transaction such as hedging and arbitrage without taking any risk on the basis of available information analyst predict their results of any market without considering the forces. The study conducted by author on the basis of cost and revenue of cross section banks during the period 1962-1975 estimation made on the basis of net rate of income and cost of book value of assets. The net rate is the difference between the gross revenue from assets minus cost of asset and rates are net of servicing, processing and overhead cost. The result showed that major shift occurred during the period of 1970-1975. Net returns of assets considerably differ when computed on the basis of average. The study of Demirgà ¼Ãƒ §-Kunt, Harry (1999) showed the differences in interest margins and bank profitability reflect a variety of determinants: bank characteristics, macroeconomic conditions, explicit and implicit bank taxation, deposit insurance regulation, overall financial structure, and underlying legal and institutional indicators. A larger ratio of bank assets to gross domestic product and a lower market concentration ratio lead to lower margins and profits, controlling for differences in bank activity, leverage, and the macroeconomic environment. Foreign banks have higher margins and profits than domestic banks in developing countries, while the opposite holds in industrial countries. Also, there is evidence that the corporate tax burden is fully passed onto bank customers, while higher reserve requirements are not, especially in developing countries. The study showed that variation between spreads and profitability comprised of various determinants. Such as economic condi tions, regulations and financial structure. As the banks have a high ratio of asset with respect to gross domestic product and have small profit margin and banks profits. Because of debts and economic conditions. Foreign banks usually have greater margin of profits as compare to the local or domestic bank in the developing countries and different outcome for industrial countries. This study also evidence that corporate tax had a direct burden on the bank customer because bank transfer the tax burden to their customer while reserve requirement of central bank doesnt not have a significant effect on banks. The data collected at the level of banks for 80 institutes and period comprised of 1988-1995 on the size and decomposition of banks spreads and profits. Regression technique had been used to find out the determinate of interest rate spreads and banks profitability. Taxation and regulation have big impact on bank customer and overall bank position. The banking system varies from coun try to country around the world in size and composition and structure. All banks have different influence of macroeconomic conditions, regulation and market conditions. Several countries data had been used for analysis to find out the bank characteristics and conditions which affect the banks performance such as interest margins and profitability. Some variable have positive relationship with each other and some of them have a negative relationship with each other i.e. reserve ratio to profitability. The study of Samuelson Paul A, (1945) showed that the banking system as a whole is not really hurt by an increase in the whole complex of interest rates. It is left tremendously better off by such a change. If a bank were a university, nobody would doubt that it would be made better off by an increase in the interest rate. At worst, it could continue to hold all existing gilt-edge securities to maturity and be no worse off. As these matured, the proceeds could be invested at higher rates with a resulting increase in income. It would be better off in the sense that ceteris paribus it could hire more teachers per year, spend more money on buildings and stadia, and engage in more research. The only exception would be in the limiting and unrealistic case where all its money was invested in perpetuities. But even here it would be no worse off. In every other case it would be better off. The increase in the interest rates usually not affects the performance of bank, its actual effect on th e borrower. When the interest rate increases then borrower will bear the effect of increase interest rate. But it would not affect the bank performance .The reason is that the bank pay low return to depositors and charge more to borrower as interest rate increases. So, both depositor and borrower will bear the cost. In this article author taken the example of university. If this loan given to the university it certainly impact on the university performance because of increase in the interest rates. As the interest rates increases it would become more costly for the university and difficult to pay to the bank on time. The increase in the interest rates would not hurt university as its decreases capital value. This change would have a better impact on university. The study of Coleman George W, (1945) showed that the banking system would recover these losses over a period of time, the length depending upon the maturity distribution. During that period, it would be frozen in to a given maturity pattern. The earnings of the banking system upon the existing portfolio would increase. He states that immediately after interest rates have risen and capital values have scaled down, all parts of the portfolio, old as well as new, began to earn the higher rates. The rise in the interest rates bank can come up with some loss on the portfolio such as investing in the securities of longer period. The bank can recover this cost over the period of time and get desired returns and also increase in the capital of the bank. When the investment is carried at cost then it would amortize cost. It means banks amortize the investments over the period of agreement until it becomes zero. When the interest rate rise it would have immediate effect and bank re-prices the portfolio on the current interest rate and gets benefit of the opportunity. The objective of the study to find that increase in interest rate would not a sufficient impact on banks. Its directly influence on the saver or borrower. Which ultimately result in decrease in saving and investment. The management of bank continuously monitoring and updating their portfolio policies to minimize such risk. The study of Khawaja, Musleh, (2007) showed that Interest spread of the Pakistans banking industry has been on the rise for the last two years. The increase in interest spread discourages savings and investments on the one hand, and raises concerns on the effectiveness of bank lending channel of monetary policy on the other. The interest rate spreads in banking sector on the upward move. When the interest rate increases its discourages the depositor and borrower. Such as saving and investments. Banks giving low returns to depositors which results in discouragement and getting high return from borrower by charging high interest rates inclusive of spreads. Spreads are much high in Pakistan. When spreads taken into account ultimately the interest increase and banks gets high returns on lending and investments. The depositor not has any other option to save his money and also the strict requirement of SBP capital requirement. The industry has rapidly merger and acquisition. This results in decrease in the option for saving. In this study author used data of 29 banks. Variant model had been used to check variables relationship. The results showed that inelasticity in deposits supply have positive impact on interest rate spreads. To lower the spread margin central bank play a vital role to reduce the spread and other alternative would be the financial intermediary which lower the spreads. The study of Chirwa, Montfort, (2004) highlighted the importance of financial liberalization in facilitating economic development and growth. While there is no complete agreement on the removal of financial repression, usually characterized by control of interest rates, imposition of credit ceilings, and credit rationing, leads to significant amelioration of growth prospects, the dominant view is that financial liberalization and growth usually go together. Financial liberalization had a great influence on improving the economy and increasing growth. There is no certain agreement made on the financial repression. The management made certain tool and polices to control the interest rate impact on credits. Such as by applying tool of checking limits and there purpose of credit extension. The good control over the interest rate would have a significant on the performance of economy and growth of the country. Financial liberalization and growth of the economy work to gather and run head to head and boost the development of economy. The determinants of interest spread and bank profitability have been often used in the model. In portfolio choice bank trying to maximize their good portfolio. This maximizes the profitability of the banks. Bank usually made feasible choice of assets and liabilities with respective tenor interest rate. This study used monthly panel data from banking system between 1989-1999.the findings of that study showed that the after liberalization the interest rate significantly increased. The main cause of that increase was the increase in nonfinancial cost, provision for doubtful debts, taxation and variation in the inflation rates. The study of Marisel Peter, (2002) showed that in the world of endogenous money, the central banks role in monetary policy is reduced to the setting of a very short term official rate of interest, which indicates the price at which it will make liquidity available to the banking system. However; it is changes in market rates that affect behavior; and so the ability of the central bank to influence anything at all depends, first, on the interaction between official and market rates. In this paper, we use a vector autogressive error correction model to explore the response to changes in the central bank rate of three short-term market rates that have been featured previously in this journal in debates about the demand for endogenous money. The main responsibility of the state bank is to control or reduce the rates which affect the price and liquidity of the banking system and affect the availability of liquidity of the banking organizations. The fluctuation in the market interest rates will affect the function of the banking system and as well as the behavior of the consumer and economy. In this study autoregressive correction model had been used by the author to find out the responses of interest rates changes and its effect. When spread between Corporate Government bond increases then the market assume that the risk on the bond increases. When they see then they try to predict the coming slowdown and recession in the economy. After testing they have found that it would have a positive effect on the economy. They have used the Autoregressive model to test the fluctuation in prices and interest rates. The result of the paper showed that the short term interest rates have a significant impact on the banking system as compare to the long term interest rates. Short term interest rates were the major instrument of the monetary policy of the central bank. In monetary policy central bank advice the interest rates which would affect the banking system as well as the ov erall economic activities of the country. 2.1: Chapter Summary The impacts of interest rate changes have a significant impact on the bank profitability. When interest rate changes it would result in increase or decrease in the interest income. The Pakistan banking industry use Karachi Interbank Offered Rate (KIBOR) for earning assets to find out the interest income. The major portfolio reprice on 6 M KIBOR. Bank is exposing to interest rate risk. But usually bank hedge against interest rate risk to minimize its impact on bank performance. The major impact of interest rate changes would affect the depositors and borrowers. Because when interest rate changes it would discourage the saving and investment decision.