Essay on Stereotypes are Grounded in Truth - 1109 Words

Assume you’re walking down a street and everywhere you turn you encounter pitch black darkness. You reach a point where you only have two choices; either you go left where there is a group of tattooed muscular black men or you go right where you find a group of well dressed white men. What would you do? Your immediate choice would be to stay clear from the group of black men and that you’d be better off going to the right. What just happened here was that you assumed a certain group of human beings is more likely to cause you harm than the other. From a very young age we start to categorize things in to different groups. We see pencils, pens, erasers and we categorize them in a group and call them ‘stationery’. Similarly we tend to†¦show more content†¦They would argue that because there’s a higher probability of black people being violent, the sane choice would be to avoid them. This may seem like a perfectly justified reason, but the view that on average black people tend to be more violent is a logical fallacy in itself. Most stereotypes develop due to illusory correlation; a ‘cognitive mechanism’ that erroneously implies a relationship between two unlikely events even though no such relationship exists. Black people are a minority in USA; one is less likely to run in to a black person on any given day. ‘Undesirable behavior’ is also an unlikely event as compared to ‘desirable behavior’. Since both of these events are unlikely, the combination of the two events leads us to ‘overestimate the rate of co-occurrence’ (Hamilton) and in turn makes us believe the stereotype that black people are generally more violent. Even though certain stereotypes may seem grounded in reality, but a closer and more rational approach would clearly render even these stereotypes false. Satoshi Kanazawa, a renowned psychologist at LSE, wrote â€Å"What people call â€Å"stereotypes† are what scientists call â€Å"empirical generalizations,† and they are the foundation of scientific theory. That’s what scientists do; they make generalizations. Many stereotypes are empirical generalizations with a statistical basis and thus on average tend to be true. If they are not true, they wouldn’t be stereotypes.† Kanazawa here putsShow MoreRelatedStereotypes Exist Because They Are Grounded in Truth1476 Words   |  6 Pages2015-10-0106 SS-100 Writing and Communication Raazia Waseem November 18, 2011. Stereotypes exist because they are grounded in truth. Why hasn’t anyone ever seen a ‘’white crow’’ flying under a ‘’yellow sky’’? Why hasn’t someone ever experienced a ‘’really hot’’ winter season? Indeed why hasn’t my best friend yet told me, how she was once a popular Hollywood star? Clearly, because their lies no truth in the statements that I have put forward. One cannot see a white crow, when the entireRead MoreStereotyping: A Phenomenon That Is Instigated Or Perpetually Within Us?1541 Words   |  7 Pagescover of the VOGUE magazine and not in an AP Math class almost as if it were a reflex action. What just happened here was that a stereotype was formed based on mere appearance. Although many people believe that stereotypes exist because they are grounded in truth, the fact that they are not set in stone and have the capacity to evolve, falsify this claim; the idea of stereotypes began with mere observations configured by the s ociety based on logical fallacies and the most prominent reason behind theirRead MoreWhat Are Stereotypes? Essay1308 Words   |  6 Pages Stereotypes are assumptions held about the characteristics of a particular group of people. These assumptions could be due to their race, culture, country, community and religion. Women are not as smart as men. Men are strong and do all the work. Americans are tolerant but arrogant. Girls are not good at sports. Black people are stronger than white people. Black people are criminals. Old folks are all very old fashioned. All blond women are dumb. Guys are messy and unclean. GirlsRead MoreThe Prevelence and Influences of Stereotypes1741 Words   |  7 Pagesexamples of stereotypes. Stereotypes-as one can conclude from the above sentences-are very broad generalizations targeted towards a group of individuals. They usually target minorities based on the habits and actions these minorities engage in. Even though many people find ste reotypes to be funny, and some individuals will even argue that a class of stereotypes can be proven to be correct because of research, they are nonetheless morally degrading and therefore, are not grounded in truth because ofRead MoreEthnic Stereotyping : Nereotyping, And Racial Stereotypes910 Words   |  4 PagesStereotypes Stereotypes refers to the features imposed upon individual groups which are conventional, formulaic and exaggerated regarding to their nationality, race and sexual alignment, among many others (Stuart Ewen Elizabeth Ewen; 2006). These features tend to be over simplications of the groups involved. For instance, somebody who meets some few people from a certain country and finds them to be old fashioned and quit may spread to all the people from the country in question are reserved andRead MoreSocial Construction1306 Words   |  6 Pagesmeaning whatsoever. The most important social construction is people. People create categories and ideas about how these people in those categories act. However, society assumes that women are more into shopping then men are. These are called stereotypes which cause discrimination and racism. Social constructionism accepts that there is an objective reality. It is concerned with how knowledge is constructed and understood. It has therefore an epistemological not an ontological perspective. CriticismsRead MoreBreaking Stereotypes1137 Words   |  5 Pagesexamples it can be said that: stereotypes exist because they are grounded in truth. Although people tend to argue that stereotypes are exaggerations and unfair generalizations, nevertheless, it is important to understand that stereotypes are linked to reality, this can be understood from stereotypes such as Muslims are terrorists, All Jews are greedy, Women are oppressed by men , and Western countries mostly have scarce family bonding, since these stereotypes are based on history and pastRead MoreA Brief Argument Of Evolutionary Psychology By Putting Emphasis On Environment And Nurture1543 Words   |  7 Pagesexamples of eminent gender stereotypes in our society representative of conventional gender roles and generalized beliefs regarding gender attributes The word stereotypes is definitely one with negative connotations and often simultaneously used with the word prejudice and bias nevertheless there are some who strongly believe that gender stereotypes are rooted in true observations. Gender stereotypes can even be accurate at times†¦. As we have seen gender stereotypes and the subsequent gender rolesRead MoreRacial Stereotypes : The Black Men Are Good At Basketball1269 Words   |  6 PagesINTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY 1301 Racial Stereotypes Instructor: Dr. Chim O. Ahanotu Trinity Lawrence May 2, 2016 â€Æ' For as long as the world has existed, there have been a number of stereotypes labeled upon people all because of their race. A stereotype is an oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing. Racial stereotypes should not exist. We should not assume things about people that may not be true. I have a dream that racial stereotypes seize to exist. As an African AmericanRead MoreIs Journalistic Objectivity Beneficial?1093 Words   |  5 Pagesbe beneficial, and under what circumstances can objective journalism be harmful? â€Å"A definition of journalistic objectivity†¦Ã¢â‚¬  offered by Sandrine Boudana of New York University says that â€Å"Objectivity is a standard that promotes truth, defined as correspondence, grounded in correctness, between thought and reality.† This definition offers guidance for what objectivity in which some scholars fail to define. The dictionary defines objectivity as a lack of bias, judgment or prejudice. These definitions

Using Birth Control Medicine And Education - 951 Words

In society, people feel like they are alone, and by themselves, but in reality there is more people than most others think is on Earth. As of March 18, 2016, there are 7,409,636,800 people on Earth at 10:19 a.m. (World-O-Meters) Global citizens of the Earth need to find ways to resolve this situation; if people do not try to solve this problem there could be many consequences. From research, this problem could be resolved by using birth control medicine and education people about sexual intercourse, ending vaccines for diseases, and by sending people to live in space. â€Å"Overpopulation occurs when an organism s numbers exceed the carrying capacity of its habitat.† (Global Footprint Network) As humans, people use a lot of resources to help themselves. â€Å"Today humanity uses the equivalent of 1.6 planets to provide the resources we use and absorb our waste. This means it now takes the Earth one year and six months to regenerate what we use in a year.† (Global Footprint Network) The ratio of resources used to the amount of resources the Earth provides is so off balanced; this ratio could worsen if there was more people on it. In addition, â€Å"we will need the equivalent of two Earths to support us.† (Global Footprint Network) Overpopulation is becoming such a major problem that we would need that extra planet in space to support us. To begin with, by educating people around the globe, humans can be more aware of the consequences that are involved in sexual intercourse andShow MoreRelatedFree And Accessible Birth Control17 22 Words   |  7 PagesAccessible Birth Control in the United States A total of 730,322 abortions were reported from the Centers for Disease Control in 2011. This could easily be resolved with proper usage of birth control. But the fact of the matter is that only 62% of women are actually using proper birth control, now this may seem like a lot of women, but there is 158.6 million women in the United States alone so 58.5 million are currently not on any birth control which is a huge amount of women. Birth control needsRead MoreImportance Of Birth Control In The 21st Century1423 Words   |  6 PagesBirth control is a vital necessity in the 21st century for various reason. This paper is about taking a proactive stance for birth control, sex education and condoms, before conception mainly to promote a healthy society. It is needed more responsibly in the 21st century for a healthier society to thrive and grow at a rate that is not explosive. Birth control is not a new subject in matter compared to the 18th and 19th century methods which was rarely d iscussed but practiced and abstinence just wasRead MoreThe Innovation Of The Birthing Experience1280 Words   |  6 Pageshas been described as an emotional life-altering moment for women. Women should be allowed the opportunity to make personal choices regarding medical interventions for their birth and delivery options. This paper examines women within the hospital and home setting, the use of a mid-wife and complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), and the effect of cultural authority and medicalization on the birthing experience. Video Review The â€Å"Business of Being Born† video explores the various birthing experiencesRead MoreTeen Pregnancy And Teenage Pregnancy1456 Words   |  6 PagesOne way to help the teen pregnancy statistics would be birth control. Teenagers should have more access to birth control, particularly LARCs (long-acting reversible contraceptives), and be more informed about it. There are many reasons why this should be. For starters, it would help the child and the mother. It could also help the U.S. not be so high on the list of number of teen pregnancies in the world. Over time, better access to birth control could significantly decrease the number of teen momsRead MoreHow Did The People And Events That Changed Medical History1105 Words   |  5 PagesPeople and Events that Changed Medical History Modern Medicine wouldn’t be the same without major turning points in history. Not only did it change the way people work in hospitals, but it changed the way people live their lives. Because of these medical discoveries and scientists, people are able to live happy, healthy lives. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek is considered the â€Å"Father of Microbiology.† He was passionate about lens grinding and could adjust light extremely well. He developed a compoundRead MoreAbortion Is The Ending Of Pregnancy Essay1248 Words   |  5 Pagesof pregnancy. Induced abortion requires use of medication and surgical methods in modern medicine. Mifepristone and prostaglandin are two medications that are as effective as surgical methods. Despite the effectiveness of medication in what are known as trimester in modern medicine, surgical method is seen to have a lower risk of side effects. Immediately after an abortion, the patient is put under birth control which includes intrauterine devices and pills. Although this practice has not been legalizedRead MoreShould Tennagers Be Allowed to Get Birth Control Without Parent Consent?1727 Words   |  7 PagesShould Teenagers Be Allowed to Get Birth Control without the Permission of Parents? KaTrina Bacon English 215 February 2, 2012 Dr.Sharonda Johnson Should Teenagers Be Allowed to Get Birth Control without the Permission of Parents? Of all the many controversies that have affected the United States in the past decades, birth control has been one of the more important topics. Some popular birth control methods are the female and male condoms, and the birth control pill. Even though both of theseRead MoreBirth Control And Abortion Should Not Be Used Widely1440 Words   |  6 Pages Birth Control and Abortion Should Not be Used Widely Submitted by: Yuhuan Yu Submitted to: Daniela Greco-Giancola Class: Act Writing Date: August 11, 2014 Word Count: 1281 The world population is 7.046 billion and there are 8.260 million new babies are born every year (Worldometers n.d.), because of this global over population problem, some countries’ government allowed birth control pill and medicine or artificial abortion can be used to control the population. Now, due to different reasonRead MoreSex! No Longer a Dirty Word1632 Words   |  7 PagesLonger a Dirty Word Sex in America’s high schools is a reality that must be faced head on. Many high school students today are struggling with the decision to have sex. As a society, are we letting today’s teens down by not having a full sexual education curriculum available in all high schools? In a study conducted in 2007, detailing the sexual activity of high school students, between grades ninth and twelfth showed that 48% of students had sexual intercourse (46% girls 50% boys) (ReCAPP). So whyRead MoreCondom Distribution in Public Schools Essay1379 Words   |  6 Pagessexually responsible? Who will fund these interventions? Some people believe teaching children and teens about abstinence is the best way to minimize pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases. Birth control is an alternative used to prevent pregnancy, not necessarily sexually transmitted diseases and using condoms is always a way to protect from diseases and unwanted pregnancies. With these different alternatives and many parents feel as if the program goes against their beliefs and values as a parent/guardian

The Demand for the Usage of the Bridge-Free-Samples for Students

Questions: 1.Explain why only the demand side of the Market covered in this case study could be seen as Perfectly Competitive and why the case study suggests that the demand curve is downward sloping. 2.The Case study Identifies some non-price determinants of demand. Explain how changes in these determinants Impact upon Market outcomes. 3.Use your understanding of price elasticity of demand to speculate on the impact on bridge revenues of a near 50% reduction for a one way crossing. Answers: 1.In the given case study, it is seen that it is about a bridge that crosses Oresund Strait. The bridge is owned by the state and thus it is highly competitive goods. Moreover, it is not that easy to increase the supply of the bridge anytime they want. This makes the supply of the bridge fixed in that area. Thus due to the change in price that the travelers needs to pay while crossing the bridge affects only the demand side of the market. However, the price of crossing the bridge is same for the state and thus it has to be taken as given. The demand for the usage of the bridge cannot alter the price that the authorities have set for crossing the bridge. Thus, the demand for the bridge is elastic at the given price as it is n the case of perfectly competitive market. Thus, this proves that the case show only the demand side of the market as perfectly competitive. The case also suggests that due to perfect competition the demand curve is downward sloping. This is because in such a market with an increase in price the demand of the people crossing the bridge decreases. Thus, the inverse relationship between the price and the demand for the bridge makes the demand curve downward sloping (Foster, Haltiwanger, Syverson, 2016). As the market forces set the cost of crossing the bridge it has to be applied otherwise, the travelers might take other routes. Thus, the market has to reach the equilibrium price in any case affecting the demand in inverse direction. It is seen in the case that due to high cost the car movement got reduced in the bridge, whereas, drop in the cost attracts much more traffic in a year. The case has violated two assumptions to the law of supply such as no speculation about future prices and unchanged cost of production. It is seen that due to a fall in traffic crossing the bridge, the state decided to change the price that the travelers pay while crossing the bridge. It decided to cut 50 percent off on one way travelling. Such as decision was taken with a speculation of increasing the flow of traffic on the bridge. This violated the assumption of supply that stated no speculation of future prices. Moreover, in order to attract more traffic on the bridge the staffs managing the bridge started taking up new advertising campaign, which will result in an increase in their production and management cost. Such an effort by the bridge maintenance staff led to the violation of another assumption of supply. According to the assumption of supply, the cost of production should not change. This assumption was made on the ground that if the cost of production increases along wit h the price then it would not be profitable for the state to own the bridge. However, this assumption was violated in the case study by investing more on advertisement (Rios, McConnell, Brue, 2013). 2.The non-price determinant of demand that has been pointed out in the case study is the taste and preference of the consumers. According to this determinant, a consumer chances its demand for a product depending on his/her tastes and preference of a good (Mankiw, 2014). This change in demand is irrespective of the price the company is charging for the good. Similarly, in the case study it is seen that the demand for the bridge from the ministers of Sweden is affected due to their preferences. They do not prefer to travel from the bridge due to its teething problem irrespective of the fees charged on the bridge while travelling. In such as case the demand changes due to change in non-price factor and price remaining constant. Thus, a change in this factor will affect the demand either positively or negatively. It also has an impact on the equilibrium price as there is a shift in the demand curve upward or downward. Figure 1: Shift in demand due to change in preference of the travelers Source: Authors creation From the above diagram, it can be seen that the supply curve of the bridge is relatively inelastic because the authority of the bridge cannot increase the supply of the bridge even if there is an increase in the cost charged for crossing it. This is because there is a lot of capital and time required to built the bridge or extend it. This makes the supply curve relatively elastic (Pinson, Madsen, 2014). Demand curve is directly affected by the changes in the preferences of the travelers to cross the bridge. Firstly, it can be seen that with the increase in preferences of the travelers to use the bridge to go from one place to another will lead to an increase in demand curve. In the figure, it resulted in an upward shift in demand curve from D to D1. Thus, the demand for the bridge increases from Q to Q1. Whereas, the opposite reaction happens when the preference of the customer moves away from the bridge and take a different route instead will cause a decrease in the demand for the bridge. This will result in a downward shift of the curve from D to D2. This result in a fall n quantity demanded from Q to Q2. Moreover, it is seen that even though the change in demand was not due to the change in the price yet the price is affected. It is seen that the equilibrium price before the chances took pace was at E. with a rise in demand the price shifted to E1 and with a fall in demand, the price fell to E2. This happens because with a rise in demand for the product there is excess demand in the market compared to supply. This pushes the price up (Wetzstein, 2013). Similar affect happen with a fall in price that causes excess supply. Thus with a change in non-price factors the equilibrium price is also affected. 3.Due to the reducing demand for using, the bridge by the travelers for travelling purpose the authority decided to reduce the price by 50 percent for the one way crossing. This was decided to be done for the last three months of the year. However, such a reduction in price of crossing the bridge will lead to an increase in the demand of the customer. The demand for the bridge is highly elastic because of the availability of other substitutes such as ferry and alternative routes. Such elasticity of demand causes a huge change in demand for the product with a slight change in price of crossing the bridge. This is because according to elasticity of demand it shows the percentage of change in quantity demanded by the customer with a slight change in price of the bridge (Lin Prince, 2013). Figure 2: Elasticity of demand Source: Authors creation From the above figure it can be seen that a highly elastic demand curve is slanting and downward sloping. A slight change in price in such as curve causes a huge change in quantity demanded. As it can be seen that as price fell from P1 to P2 the quantity demanded for the product increases from Q1 to Q2. Similar effect happened when the authority decided to reduce the price by fifty percent for one-way crossing. The increase in the demand for bridge usage will cause an increase in the revenue (Mankiw, 2014). It can be seen that under highly elastic demand, percentage increase in quantity demanded is relatively more than the percentage decrease in price. This proves that the revenue from the bridge will also increase more than fifty percent of the decrease in the cost charged for crossing the bridge. This is demand for the bridge is highly elastic due to availability of large number of substitutes such as alternative routes, ferry and others. The gap between the increase in price and t he number of travelers in the route is wide enough. Thus, it can be seen that the management team of the bridge that runs across Oresund Strait will gain a lot after a decrease in price by fifty percent for the travelers. Travelers will at least choose this route more than the alternative routes for one way if not two way. Price elasticity of demand thus offers a great help to the bridge authority to decide whether they should implement any cut off on the price of crossing the bridge. This is because it directly helps them to know the revenue of the state. It is a good technique to decide the price of every product in order to estimate the revenues. References Foster, L., Haltiwanger, J., Syverson, C. (2016). The slow growth of new plants: Learning about demand?.Economica,83(329), 91-129. Kirzner, I. M. (2015).Competition and entrepreneurship. University of Chicago press. Lin, C. Y. C., Prince, L. (2013). Gasoline price volatility and the elasticity of demand for gasoline.Energy Economics,38, 111-117. Mankiw, N. G. (2014).Principles of macroeconomics. Cengage Learning. Pinson, P., Madsen, H. (2014). Benefits and challenges of electrical demand response: A critical review.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,39, 686-699. Rios, M. C., McConnell, C. R., Brue, S. L. (2013).Economics: Principles, problems, and policies. McGraw-Hill. Wetzstein, M. E. (2013).Microeconomic theory: concepts and connections. Routledge.

Time And Guilt Essays - I Stand Here Ironing,

Time And Guilt Time and Guilt In Tillie Olsen's narrative I Stand Here Ironing, I interpreted that there was a reflection of the loss of time and the sense of guilt between a mother and daughter. This is displayed in the authors word choice, point of view, imagery and tone. Olsen begins her narrative while ironing and talking on the phone. Her daughter needs help, she is told. So she begins to ask herself a million questions. She wonders why her daughter needs help, how she can help her, and what she could have done to prevent her from straying so far in the first place. As these questions run through her mind the iron in her hand moves swiftly back and forth in rhythm, throughout the entire narrative. Ironing being an act of boredom. With each movement she has a new thought regarding her daughter; she questions how she could have raised her to be a better person. In this essay one senses Emily's resentment toward her mother. This is because of the way in which she had been treated, for it is clearly obvious that Emily was unknowingly denied the love and attention a normal child would receive. What is odd though is that throughout the narrative one can feel the love Olsen has for her daughter. Nevertheless, this love that Olsen claims to have for her daughter, is not expressed enough to Emily, which, therefore, leads Emily to acquire many feelings of resentment, neglect and perhaps even betrayal toward her mother. A good example occurs when Olsen is confronted about her love for her daughter, and she says, What was in my face when I looked at her? This clearly shows how unaware she is of her daughter's feelings. This is suggested continuously throughout the story when Olsen recounts how she had to send her daughter away while she worked. Although, the act was unintentional, too much time away from one's loved one, for too long can have a drastic effect on a person; most especially a child. That is why Emily seems so bitter; She was a child seldom smiled at, (6). Who could blame her for not smiling? She had been sent away from her family during so many key points in her life. First, she had been sent way when she was a baby in order for her mom to get back on her feet. Next, she was sent away to a convalescent hospital where she was again separated from her family. How was she supposed to live a normal life when all that she loved and depended on kept leaving her life? Emily was constantly denied stability, and that is a major factor in allowing her to lead a normal life. Olsen says her husband could no longer endure sharing want with them (2). When broken down, want suggests that he did not care to share a life of poverty with them. Could this be true also for Olsen toward Emily, but in a different text? To Olsen, what if it means that she can no longer continue to hold expectations for her daughter? Does that not constitute for want also? Maybe that is what the whole story is about. On the outside it looks like a story about a conflict between mother and daughter, but there are many interpretations to be pondered. What if the story is really about a mother that drops all expectations for her daughter in order for her to lead a normal life before it is too late? Or, better yet, maybe it is Emily that can no longer endure want? Whatever the case is, one thing is for sure and that is that Emily has been denied something that could have made her whole. Olsen uses such verbs as remember, sift, weigh, estimate, total, all of which mean that she must consider carefully. In the beginning these words are used to show how Olsen begins to examine her daughter's life. In the conclusion, she employs the words dredging; which means to dig up or search, compounds; which means to combine or add, and total again, which in this case means to sum up. This suggests that in the end she has concluded her observation of her daughter, and that is that she will never come to a conclusion of her daughter. She will never total it all. Tillie Olsen writes a great story about raising her daughter, Emily. She makes good use of word choice in describing their life story, informing us of how being a single parent was hard, and that the war did not contribute any good either to raising her daughter. Olsen excels at getting across her

History of the book Emma by Jane Austen essay part 2Essay Writing Service

History of the book Emma by Jane Austen essay part 2Essay Writing Service History of the book Emma by Jane Austen essay part 2 History of the book Emma by Jane Austen essay part 2History of the book Emma by Jane Austen   essay part  1According to Neil Wenborn, â€Å"despite a proliferation of editions from the early years of the 20-th century onwards, R.W. Chapman’s edition of Emma, published by the Clarendon Press in Oxford in 1923 and reprinted at intervals since, remains the standard scholarly edition† (35). R.W. Chapman states that Jane Austen avoided the depiction of deep feelings (Chapman 6).In Lionel Trilling’s edition of the novel Emma, the editor provides the essay â€Å"Emma and the Legend of Jane Austen† that can be found in the introduction section of the riverside edition of the novel issued on 1957 in Boston. He states that in Emma, the author uses the genre of the so-called â€Å"intellectual idyll†, which has been identified by many critics, including Schiller. According to Lionel Trilling, Jane Austen is aimed at exploring the limits of intelligent lov e relationships and the conception of human interactions, which was described by Plato and Socrates (12). In his later collection Beyond Culture, he continues to explore Emma as a unique literary work, including his essay on Jane Austen’s criticism. He believes that Emma is aimed at teaching people, although he characterizes it as â€Å"a very difficult novel† (Trilling 12).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Stephen Parrish’s edition of the book Emma was published in 1972. In this edition of the book, there is much bibliographical information. Stephen Parrish is focused on numbering the chapters from one to fifty five as it is a newer edition of the book, while older editions were based on the original text of the author, which restarted the numbers of the chapters at one with the beginning of each of the three books or volumes of the novel (Parrish 3).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In addition, the novel Emma was edited by Fiona Stafford in 2008. The book was edited with a comprehensive introduction by Fiona Stafford, providing much important information on the novel. This edition includes a chronology and additional suggestions for enhancement of the further reading of the novel (Stafford 3).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Jane Austen’s talent was concluded in the ability to skillfully use free indirect speech combined with irony. She became one of the most influential and highly honored novelists not only in English literature, but also in World Literature. It has been found that in modern day culture, Jane Austen’s novels and the details of her personal life have been used as source for adaptation in films and theatrical productions. Thus, there are many adaptations for films and theater. Some of the recent adaptations based on the novel Emma were a great success with the public. Olivia Williams depicted Jane Austen in the BBC drama Miss Austen Regrets, which came out in 2007. Anne Hat haway portrayed a young Jane Austen in the film Becoming Jane which was produced in 2007. In 2010, Emma was used in a stage adaption by Michael Bloom at the Cleveland Play House, Ohio. In 2012, Emma was used as a stage adaption by Dr. Vicki Ooi of the Absolutely Fabulous Theatre Connection in Sai Wan Ho, Hong Kong.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The adaptations of Jane Austen’s Emma appeared not only in the UK, but also in the United States and other countries of the world. For example, â€Å"between 1970 and 1986, seven feature-length films or television miniseries, all British were produced based on Austen novel, in the years 1995-1996, however six additional adaptations appeared, half of them originating in Hollywood and the rest influenced by it† (Troost Greenfield 1). The advertising of films was based on the established Hollywood traditions. The researchers are interested in the way Austen’s novel Emma influence contemporary film productions, providing criticism of some elements of the plot, which leads to depiction of social inequality (Troost Greenfield 12). Practically all Austen films produced in the middle 1990s, like the novel Emma, provide ironic representation of romantic love and the reality of women’s lives. According to researchers, Jane Austen can be viewed a heroine of our times because she was a feminist with strong personality traits:Having all come out almost at once, and being aware of that, they direct themselves at audiences equally aware-people who have read about the films and the stars in newspapers and magazines, which also feature articles about what it means that Jane Austen is the heroine of our moment (Troost Greenfield 19).As irony is the major feature of our times, Austen’s novel Emma helps people to better understand the meaning of ironic ads, ironic articles, ironic poems, ironic sitcoms and other works that are produced today. Irony is closely connected with the expression of freedom. Although Jane Austen is considered to be a Romantic writer, she effectively uses irony to express herself (Haggerty 89).   According to researchers, Jane Austen is â€Å"a satirist or a novelist detached by definition from her society, and therefore, able to change the way readers see the world† (Troost Greenfield 19). However, it is necessary to understand the difference between the irony presented in the novel Emma and the irony of present day film adaptations. Today irony does not mean â€Å"saying one thing and meaning another† (Troost Greenfield 20). Austen’s irony is based on morale, while modern irony does not acknowledge morale. Austen’s novel Emma depicts simple form of morale. As a result, many film adaptations â€Å"have a single obvious, reiterated moral: that lovers deserve to enjoy one another, as viewers deserve to enjoy movies† (Troost Greenfield 20). Emma, the main character of Austen’s novel, was a beautif ul woman, but who was reluctant to marriage and family ties:She always declares she will never marry, which, of course, means just nothing at all. But I have no idea that she has yet ever seen a man she cared for. It would not be a bad thing for her to be very much in love with a proper object. I should like to see Emma in love, and in some doubt of a return; it would do her good. But there is nobody hereabouts to attach her; and she goes so seldom from home (Austen 22).One of the criticisms of the novel Emma is â€Å"formalist criticism† that is considered to be a â€Å"universal method† of skeptical commentators.   According to Frances Ferguson, the novel Emma helps to reveal different critical interpretations. In fact, these interpretations can be reflected in film adaptations. Ferguson’s analysis of Emma’s criticism highlights the role of formalist criticism, which demonstrates different ways, in which different readings and interpretations of the l iterary work have become the â€Å"subject of critical enquiry† (Ferguson 159). As a matter of fact, the language used by the critic is different from other critics’ essays on Emma, e.g. Tilling’s essay. Frances Ferguson is focused on the significance of the opinions, which relate to the novel Emma. Frances Ferguson’s criticism influenced the opinions of other literary critics, including contemporary critics. Gard Rogers is one of critics who discuss the role of Austen’s characters, including Emma, in film adaptations. In his essay â€Å"A few skeptical thoughts on Jane Austen and film†, he states that Austen’s novel Emma is appropriate for camera because films â€Å"use music to suggest, reflect and enhance emotion, often quite potently; and dialogue can be lifted straight from the text to specify dramatically† (Rogers 10).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Today, the novels written by Jane Austen can be found at the top of the list of the classic bestsellers. According to researchers, the international sales of books written by the English writer contribute to the increased rate of television and film adaptations. One of the well-known film adaptations is the â€Å"1996 Miramax blockbuster Emma, written and directed by Douglas McGrath and starring Gwyneth Paltrow as the heroine Austen† (Wenborn 36). The popularity of the English writer can be explained by Jane Austen’s naturalism in style of writing and in other elements of literary work. According to Thomas Henry Lister, the well-known novelist of the 19-th century, who used to write much about Austen and her novels, she â€Å"has never been as popular as she deserved to be† (qtd. in Wenborn 36). The novel Emma has become the subject for many other adaptations, including film adaptations (e.g. 1995 Clueless; 2010 Aisha), TV adaptations (e.g. 1948 Emma, live BBC TV broadcast, directed and produced by Michael Barry; 1954 Em ma, live NBC TV broadcast; 1960 Emma, live CBS TV broadcast; 2009 Emma, BBC miniseries, and some other TV adaptations) and several stage adaptations (e.g. 1991 Emma, a stage adaptation by Michael Fry; 2000 Emma, a musical by Stephan Karam; 2007 Emma, a musical by Joel Adlen; 2010 Emma, a stage adaptation by Michael Bloom and many other works). The film Aisha is a modern adaptation of the novel Emma produced by the Indian film company. Aisha is represented in the form of a romantic comedy film. The film was directed by Rajshree Ojha, starring Sonam Kapoor and Abhay Deol. This film adaptation points out to the fact that Jane Austen is highly acclaimed not only in the UK and the United States, but also in India. The plot of the novel can be applied to all times and generations (Wiltshire 111). According to Penny Gay, Jane Austen’s novel Emma reflects many scenes that resemble plays; therefore recent film and television adaptations have shown â€Å"how naturally dramatic her sto ries are† (3).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although the novel Emma has never been acclaimed as the most popular novel of Jane Austen’s works, many literary critics and scholars would agree that Emma may be regarded as the best literary work of the author â€Å"from the point of view of literary achievement†, which combined all the elements of Austen’s writing style, including irony, realism, morality, characterization, narrative style and tone. Today the novel Emma remains in print. Almost two hundred years people enjoy Austen’s writing, discussing the themes reveled in the novel and making conclusions reading the meaning of life, marriage and friendship. According to Laura M. White, Jane Austen’s Anglicanism reflects her engagement with the world of reality and romanticism. The novelist highlights the role of the cosmos and human nature (White 23). Although many readers are focused on projecting postmodern perspectives in the work Emma by Jane Austen, as she tends to reflect their own times, beliefs and values, Laura M. White argues that it is necessary to view Austen’s Anglicanism â€Å"through the lens of primary sources of the period, including the complex history of the Georgian church to which Austen was intimately connected all her life† (3). This approach helps to better understand the central conflict that existed between â€Å"Austen’s malicious wit and her family’s testimony to her Christian piety and kindness† (White 3).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thus, it is necessary to conclude that the novel Emma by Jane Austen has influenced popular culture, as well as literature. Although the book is over a century and a half old, it has an enormous impact on readers today. The themes discussed by the author and the unique writing style provide an opportunity to have a better understanding of women’s desires and social response to feminist issue s (Debb 95). The novel Emma continues to be read by different audiences. Millions of people enjoy the novel and place emphasis on the critical responses provided by experts, literary critics, and everyone who loves literature. There are many critical essays, which represent impressive interpretations of Jane Austen’s novels. Actually, these critical essays and film, TV and scene adaptations â€Å"provide an emphatic testimony to Austen’s continuing importance and the ever-increasing pleasure afforded by Emma†(Stafford 30).

Cute Graduation Quotes That Say It All

Cute Graduation Quotes That Say It All Do you need to make a graduation speech? Whether youre the valedictorian, class speaker, or the featured guest speaker at the graduation ceremony, you dont want to put the audience to sleep. The crowd is already dressed in black, so you probably want to brighten the gathering with wit and wisdom. While its a formal occasion, you can show a little of your fun side at the ceremony. Here are cute quotes to sprinkle into your graduation speech. These quotes may also be appropriate if youre making a custom graduation card, writing a note to the grad, or posting them a message. After all, you dont want them to think that they are the only ones with the talent and brains to compose a cute but uplifting missive, right? Today is your day! Your mountain is waiting. So... get on your way. -Dr. SeussYou have to be odd to be number one. -Dr. SeussYou have brains in your head. You have feet in your shoes. You can steer yourself in any direction you choose. -Dr. SeussShoot for the moon. Even if you miss, youll land among the stars. -Les BrownJust about a month from now Im set adrift, with a diploma for a sail and lots of nerve for oars. -Richard HaliburtonGo for it now. The future is promised to no one. -Wayne DyerThe young graduate is discovering that among the necessaries of life, the most important is living. -AnonymousIf you think education is expensive, try ignorance! -Andy McIntyreHitch your wagon to a star. -Ralph Waldo EmersonLife has no remote. Get up and change it yourself. -Mark A. CooperMinds are like parachutes- they only function when open. -Thomas DewarIf opportunity doesnt knock, build a door. -Milton BerleLife has a very simple plot: first  youre here and then youre not. -Eric Idle Heres the thing: the world is not going to issue you an engraved invitation to this life. -Sarah HeidtWhenever Id complain or be upset about something, my mother had the same advice: Darling, change the channel. You are in control of the clicker. Dont replay the bad, scary movie. -Arianna HuffingtonIsnt it funny how day by day nothing changes, but when you look back, everything is different. -C.S. LewisThere are far, far better things ahead than any we leave behind. -C.S. LewisThe difference between school and life is that in school youre taught a lesson and then given a test. In life, youre given a test that teaches you a lesson. -Tom BodettYou will never have more energy or enthusiasm, hair, or brain cells than you have today. -Tom and Ray Magliozzi

A Critical Evaluation of HRM and Organisational Behaviour Theories Essay

A Critical Evaluation of HRM and Organisational Behaviour Theories - Essay Example As such, this essay seeks to critically analyse the influence of HRM practices and organisational behaviour on the performance of the individuals as well as the organization as a whole. The essay starts by explaining the meaning of the key term, organizational behaviour and this will be followed by the evaluation of various factors that can affect the performance of the employees. The last part of the paper will summarize the main points discussed. Basically, organisational behaviour can be summed up as the study of what people do in an organization and how that behaviour affects the performance of the organization (Robbins, 1993). Organisational behaviour is specifically concerned with employment related situations and it emphasizes on aspects such as work, productivity, human performance and management. As such, there is a correlation between organisational behaviour and HRM given that these are employee oriented. In order for the workers to put optimum performance in their operati ons, it is imperative that the leadership of the organization put some measures that are meant to ensure that they are satisfied with their work. This leads to improvement in their performance which ultimately leads to the productivity of the organization as a whole.... Leadership is generally defined as â€Å"the social process of influencing people to work voluntarily, enthusiastically and persistently towards a purposeful group or organisational goal,† (Werner, 2007, p.36). A leader often adds an inspirational and emotional dimension to the organization through creating a shared vision among the members and inspiring people within that particular organization to be passionate towards the achievement of the vision and set goals. It can be noted that change is also inevitable in organisations hence there is need for the HRM to take a holistic approach in anticipating such changes. Given the complexity of the changing human resources management landscape, the leader has to be better positioned to engage the employees through working with them such that they will be in a better position to put optimum performance in their operations. The human resources managers as leaders play a great role in anticipating both internal as well as external fac tors that can affect the operations of the employees. More often than not, certain changes are viewed with mixed reactions by the members of the organisation hence there is need to first identify the aspects that can immediately affect the performance of the workers. Internally, there may be need for the managers to change the roles played by the employees but this strategy requires them to take into consideration the needs of the workers. Individuals in an organization have different needs and aspirations to fulfil hence their efforts have to be catered for by the management (Robbins, 1993). Some situations can emerge within the organization where there will be need to move away from traditional ways of doing

Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 7

Art - Essay Example The type of artistic expression that emanates from a certain society also revolves around expressing the culture and social life and ideas that are harbored by a group. Therefore, social and cultural values and ideas play an influential role in influencing the artistic expression of people (Boughton & Mason, 1999). The concept of civilization is as old as mankind, but it was not until the Greeks that civilization came to be realized. It is impossible to mention civilization without mentioning the Greeks. As ancient as Greeks are, they formed the basis of civilization through developing a culture that defied the odds at that time. The Greek idea of civilization had its roots on the philosophical thought and a developed culture that not only satisfied the people’s need to adapt to the environment but also created some time for expansion and spread of civilization. It is important to note that the Greek civilization did not sprout from politics but rather from the cultural values and ideas. It was these cultural values that have had a far reaching and lasting influence in the arts world, which is experienced to date. Religion was a major force that influenced the way people lived and expressed themselves through art. Greek religious elements are still observable in current religions like C hristianity, Islam and Buddhism. Greeks had a host of gods and goddesses, which influenced the type of art that existed during the time. However, religion also attracted another controversial aspect of Greeks’ cultural values and ideas. Philosophy among the Greeks was highly developed (Woodford, 1982). Greek philosophers like Socrates and Plato developed rational ideas about existence of gods and developed other forms of inquiry. Greeks also developed other forms of rationalistic thinking. Their thoughts are expressed in science and

Advantages and Disadvantages of Technology Essay Example for Free

Advantages and Disadvantages of Technology Essay The advantages of stun guns and patrol car video surveillance are a critical tool in law enforcement. Officers are given the option of Tasers, which are extremely effective when pursuing an offender that might have had the upper hand to fight for a long time, resulting in the officer gaining injuries. Currently, patrol car video is a necessity as video records will enhance an officers credibility, corroborate identities, and statement issues, and can be used as evidence in court. However, critical to law enforcement; stun guns should be used as a last resort. Let us examine some of the issues that contain some validity to arguments for the continue use of these tools within law enforcement. One may argue that a Taser (stun gun) causes muscle contractions and renders a person helpless while being temporarily paralyzed. Lee (2007) addressed this to be true, but law enforcement has maximized training programs so that suspects and officers lives are not in jeopardy. In addition, when a stun gun is used there is a permanent record and the video surveillance is automatically recorded when an officer takes the safety off the weapon (Lee, 2007). Consequently, the stun gun is used by law enforcement specifically for self-defense, and as a result, Lee (2007) mentions there have been hundreds of arrests that would have been involved in most serious outcomes, such as a suspect or officers demise. Read more:  Essay About Technology Advantages and Disadvantages As much as of 1,500 lives a year are taken by accidents with firearms in the United States (Tennenbaum, A. N., Moore, A. M. (1993). However, guns have been converted into less-lethal weapons such as Tasers. In fact, the Taser gun also known as a stun gun has the capacity of 50,000 volts that are connected to electrodes, and this nonlethal weapon resembles a gun in its composition and has varying degrees of power. Tennenbaum, A. N., Moore, A. M. (1993) noted that there are available nonlethal weapon technologies, which give citizens options and no deadly force of traditional guns. The stun gun is an alternative weapon that can be operated by an officer with proper training and is a nonlethal weapon. One must be capable of using a stun gun to subdue or neutralize a suspect so that no harm will occur to ones body. After all, not every person has the same body structure, so  therefore the stun gun can be more dangerous depending on the individual. Example, someone with a heart defibrillator can die from a stun gun (Lee, 2007). However, with the proper training, an officer has the knowledge of reducing or increasing power on the stun gun, and the main idea here is that the Taser will immediately stop an individual in his tracks by setting the Taser to a specific level for the offender. One may argue that stun guns may promptly fall into the hands of criminals who will use them for criminal acts. Although, there is no arguing over this point, nevertheless with these weapons such as stun guns, the consequences will not be deadly for either the officer or the offender. Suppose some others may say that nonlethal weapons are unrealistic but interesting. After all, one knows an advance of technological knowledge is essential in law enforcement. For example, when Tasers are used in the muscular areas, the offenders nervous system is shut down for up to 30 seconds. As a result, the officer is safe from harm. Finally, an officer now has efficient time to confine or restrain the suspect. Hence, no one gets hurt. Law enforcement wants to prevent any misuse. An individuals background is nationally run through to verify his credit card information, age, and identification. Finally, there is a check for any felony convictions, not to mention terrorist watch lists. If any information pertaining to felonies show up, the individual will be turned away. When one uses a patrol car and it is equipped with video surveillance, he is being protected in many ways because video does not lie. Whether the officer is acting inappropriately or the suspect is acting hostile the video will prove to be the most critical evidence. Tennenbaum, A. N., Moore, A. M. (1993) assures surveillance systems are great additions to police cars. They protect both sides, and if one thinks about it, he would rather be stunned than shot. The most distinct video surveillance brings the highest quality to agencies. They are easy to use and they have the technology to transfer, gather, and retrieve evidence. In fact, the video is shared with court officials and the prosecution while maintaining the integrity of the original video. There are no negative factors in having patrol car video surveillance. This tool is capable of functional requirements and meeting legislative mandates. Typically, patrol car surveillance systems tend to use analog tape technologies, which can be copied and transferred. However, overall performance in these surveillance systems is limited. In conclusion, the overall success with law enforcement and the violence out there today are critical tools for an officers self-defense. In addition, Taser and video surveillance are the most chosen tools in law enforcement. Furthermore, when the Taser is used properly and efficiently, it will deter the most hostile offenders, whereas most nonlethal weapons will not having the necessary means. Meanwhile video surveillance can help an officers defense or a suspects guilt in court as it is a permanent video record of an incident. Moreover, video surveillance is never bias, the truth is right in front of you. References Lee, Harry. (2007, February 19). JPSO Tasers Have Proven To Be A Near-Perfect Non-Lethal Weapon That Stuns. Sheriffs Weekly Journal, 27(31), 36, 1/3. Retrieved May 28, 2008, fromhttp://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=f5hAN=24245269site=ehost-liveTennenbaum, A. N., Moore, A. M. (1993). Non-Lethal Weapons: Alternatives To Deadly Force. The Futurist, 27(5), 20. Retrieved May 28, 2008, from ABI/INFORM Global database. (Document ID: 479634).

Where we Stand by Hooks :: Free Essay Writer

Where we Stand by Hooks In our current society, it is acceptable to talk about race or gender. However, when it comes to the subject of class, people tend to tense, and are uncertain as to where they stand. At one time in history money afforded prestige and power, however now, money is a large part of our society and tends to rule many peoples lives. In the book Where We Stand: Class Matters, by bell hooks, she describes a life growing up in a family who had nothing, to now becoming one of America’s most admired writers. She wrote this book because she wanted to write about her journey from a working class world to class-consciousness, and how we are challenged everyday with the widening gap between the rich and the poor. In her book, hook’s describes a life dominated by the haunting issues of money, race, and class. Looking at this from the different perspectives of a functionalist, symbolic interactionist, and conflict helps to show other points of view. If you were to look at this book from a functionalist’s perspective you would be looking at it from an extremely greedy aspect. A functionalist would say that their parents and society told them that only people with money were good and successful. Thus, causing you to feel like â€Å"trash† or class if you did not make a huge salary, and live a wealthy life. A symbolic interactionist would tell you that they grew up where all of their peers drove nice cars, and had large homes, so to fit in, you need to be able to buy those things. However, a person with a conflict point of view would say that it was her ongoing struggle with society, and having to defend her class, that has made her who she is today. There are many ‘norms’ and values expressed throughout hook’s writing. In the early part of the twentieth century survival belonged to the fittest. Not necessarily meaning fittest as ‘strongest,’ but able to produce, work hard, and make a secure life for yourself and family. On the other hand, in today’s society the message is that survival belongs only to the greedy. Also many young kids have the notion that in order to ’live the good life’ you must be wealthy of material possessions. Younger kids have to deal a lot more with the pressures associated with wealth.

How did the Cold War begin Essay

The Cold War was â€Å"the struggle for global power between the United States and the Soviet Union following World War II† (History book, pg. 874). The Cold War began by controversial wants and needs from two different countries and several different â€Å"weapons† were used to fight this controversial war. The feuds eventually kept building up, greater and greater, resulting in one great war. Two countries, the United States and the Soviet Union both took part in fighting. The Cold war began for a number of different reasons. One of the main reasons this war began was that there were huge differences in the way that the Soviet and the US led one another and the disagreements eventually reached a final rising point, causing several feuds as well, riots. The US was a democratic state where many parties could stand and elections were held. It was a fair and politically correct policy for everyone. â€Å"I believe it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted domination by armed minorities or outside pressure.† (DBQ 2) The Soviet was a communist state, where the political party controlled the state. The people basically had no free will. More reasons as to how the Cold War started up would be affected by the mistrust between the two countries. It started as far back as the October Revolution of 1917. When the communists came to power, they created harsher ways of ruling their country, which angered the US greatly. One last reason on how the Cold War came about was the US fear of Russian expansion. In 1922, Russia combined with five other states creating the Soviet Union. In 1936 five more states joined forming an even larger Soviet Union. Eventually the Soviet Union had almost equaled the size of Europe. â€Å"All these famous cities and the populations around them lie in the Soviet sphere†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (DBQ 1) The US feared a new uprising of a strong, independent, and powerful country. â€Å"I need to say that the world situation is very serious†¦ Europe must have a great deal of additional help, or face heavy economic, social, and political damage.† (DBQ 3) During the Cold War there weren’t really weapons used during the war. Going back to the term â€Å"Cold War,† it referenced to not having the war getting â€Å"heated† with weapons of mass destruction etc. No Nuclear, Biological or Chemical weapons were used during this Cold War. Instead, the countries fought up front, or in some other type of not so violent way. However, during the Cold War, there were some new weapons that were created from both sides. During this period, the Soviet Union created their own atomic bomb and the H-Bomb (Hydrogen Bomb) was first created in the United States. These two weapons of mass destruction were not used, better suggesting the phrase, â€Å"Cold War.† If by any means there were to be a weapon of mass destruction aimed at the opposing enemy, then the country responsible for the cause would have to help restore, and fix any damages caused. â€Å"They agree that if such an armed attack occurs, each of them will assist the party or parties so attacked.† (DBQ 4) The Cold War was a five year war against the Soviet Union and the United States. These two Communist and Democratic countries had very different views and ways of ruling their citizens. One feared of expansion, the other feared of the opposing differences. However, they both agreed on keeping the war at a minimum by agreeing to not allow weapons of mass destruction, etc. to come into the war. Hints to the term â€Å"Cold War.†

Climate change as environmental challenge Essay

Climate change is the most imperative environmental challenge facing the planet. Due to intensified reliance on fossil fuels for energy, greenhouse gases increase in the atmosphere and warms the Earth warts and all evident from the increasing ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice and rising sea levels (http://www.pewtrusts.org). The warming observed in the past fifty years is very likely to have been caused by the increased greenhouse gases released by human activities like burning of fossil fuels, land use change and agriculture. The atmospheric concentrations of these greenhouse gases have significantly increased since the beginning of industrial revolution (http://ec.europa.eu). The Earth’s average surface temperature since 1850 has risen by 0.76oC and is projected to increase from 1.8oC to 4oC in the end of the 21st century considering that there will be no additional mitigation measure apart from those already in place in 2000 (http://ec.europa.eu). This increase in temperature may lead to severe snow and ice melting, changes in hydrological and biological systems, earlier migrations and shifting towards the poles of species’ geographic ranges. Adaptation measures are already being implemented and are essential to address the projected consequences. The European Union played a key role in the development of the major treaty addressing the issue on climate change, the Kyoto Protocol, agreed in 1997. The Kyoto protocol of cutting greenhouse gas emission to 8% below 1990’s level in 2008-2012 has allowed the establishment of a global response to the climate problem (http://www.pewtrusts.org); however this adaptation effort is limited. Less lenient mitigation measures will also be needed in order to reduce the severity of climate change’s impacts. It may be necessary to set mandatory limits and ratify national climate policies on reduction of greenhouse gas emission across all economic sectors. Also switching to a more sustainable development paths related to energy efficiency, renewable energies and conservation of natural habitats can make a major contribution to climate change mitigation. Works Cited â€Å"Pew Campaign on Global Warming.† The Pew Charitable Trusts. 1996-2008. 3 June 2008  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   . â€Å"Climate Change.† The European Commission. 14 May 2008. 3 June 2008  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   .   

Civil Rights Movement Timeline From 1965 to 1969

Civil Rights Movement Timeline From 1965 to 1969 This civil rights movement timeline focuses on the struggles final years when some activists embraced black power, and leaders no longer appealed to the federal government to end segregation, thanks to the enactment of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. Although the passage of such legislation was a major triumph for civil rights activists, Northern cities continued to suffer from de facto segregation, or segregation that was the result of economic inequality rather than discriminatory laws. De facto segregation was not as easily addressed as the legalized segregation that had existed in the South, and Martin Luther King  Jr. spent the mid-to-late 1960s working on behalf of both black and white Americans living in poverty. African-Americans  in Northern cities became increasingly frustrated with the slow pace of change, and a number of cities experienced riots. Some turned to the black power movement, feeling that it had a better chance of rectifying the sort of discrimination that existed in the North. By the end of the decade, white Americans had moved their attention away from the civil rights movement to the Vietnam War, and the heady days of change and victory experienced by civil rights activists in the early 1960s came to an end with Kings assassination  in 1968. 1965 On Feb. 21, Malcolm X is assassinated in Harlem at the Audubon Ballroom apparently by Nation of Islam  operatives, although other theories abound.On March 7, 600 civil rights activists, including Hosea Williams of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) and John Lewis of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), leave Selma, Ala., traveling eastward on Route 80 toward Montgomery, Ala. They are marching to protest the killing of Jimmy Lee Jackson, an unarmed demonstrator slain during a march the prior month by an Alabama state trooper. State troopers and local police stop the marchers at the Edmund Pettus Bridge, beating them with clubs as well as spraying them with water hoses and tear gas.On March 9, King leads a march to the Pettus bridge, turning the marchers around at the bridge.On March 21, 3,000 marchers leave Selma for Montgomery, completing the march without opposition.On March 25, around 25,000 people join the Selma marchers at the Montgomery city l imits. On Aug. 6, President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Voting Rights Act into law, which bans discriminatory voting requirements, like requiring people to complete literacy tests before they registered to vote. White Southerners had used this technique to disenfranchise blacks.On Aug. 11, a riot breaks out in Watts, a section of Los Angeles, after a fight erupts between a white traffic officer and a black man accused of drinking and driving. The officer arrests the man and some of his family members who had arrived at the scene. Rumors of police brutality, however, result in six days of rioting in Watts. Thirty-four people, mostly African Americans, die during the riot. 1966 On Jan. 6, SNCC announces its opposition to the Vietnam War. SNCC members would feel increasing sympathy for the Vietnamese, comparing the indiscriminate bombing of Vietnam to racial violence in the United States.On Jan. 26, King moves into an apartment in a Chicago slum, announcing his intention to start a campaign against discrimination there. This in response to the increasing unrest in Northern cities over prejudice and de facto segregation. His efforts there are ultimately deemed unsuccessful.On June 6, James Meredith embarks on a March Against Fear from Memphis, Tenn., to Jackson, Miss., to encourage black Mississippians to register to vote. Near Hernando, Miss., Meredith is shot. Others take up the march, joined on occasion by King.On June 26, the marchers reach Jackson. During the last days of the march, Stokely Carmichael and other SNCC members clash with King after they encourage the frustrated marchers to embrace the slogan of black power.On Oct. 15, Huey P. Newton and Bob by Seale found the Black Panther Party in Oakland, Calif. They want to create a new political organization to better the conditions of African Americans. Their goals include better employment and educational opportunities as well as improved housing. 1967 On April 4, King makes a speech against the Vietnam War at Riverside Church in New York.On June 12, the Supreme Court hands down a decision in Loving v. Virginia, overturning laws against interracial marriage as unconstitutional.In July, riots break out in Northern cities, including Buffalo, N.Y., Detroit, Mich. and Newark, N.J.On Sept. 1, Thurgood Marshall becomes the first African American appointed to the Supreme Court.On Nov. 7, Cal Stokes is elected mayor of Cleveland, making him the first African American to serve as mayor of a major American city.In November, King announces the Poor Peoples Campaign, a movement to unite the poor and disenfranchised of America, regardless of race or religion. 1968 On April 11,  President Johnson  signs  the Civil Rights Act of 1968  (or the Fair Housing Act) into law, which prohibits discrimination by sellers or renters of property.Exactly a week earlier,  Martin Luther King, Jr., is assassinated  as he stands on the balcony outside his motel room at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tenn. King visited the city to support  African American sanitation workers there whod started a strike on Feb. 11.Between February and May, African American students protest at major universities, including Columbia University and Howard University, demanding changes in faculty, living arrangements, and curriculum.Between May 14 and June 24, over 2500 impoverished Americans set up a camp called Resurrection City in Washington, D.C., under the leadership of the Rev. Ralph Abernathy, who is trying to carry out Kings vision. The protest ends in riots and arrests without the strong leadership of King. 1969 Between April and May, African American students hold protests at universities, including Cornell University and North Carolina A T University in Greensboro, asking for changes such as a Black Studies program and the hiring of African American faculty.On Dec. 4, Fred Hampton, chairman of the  Illinois Black Panther party, is shot and killed by police during a raid. A federal grand jury refutes the polices assertion that they fired upon Hampton only in self-defense, but no one is ever indicted for Hamptons killing.

Annotated biography of James Baldwin - Smart Custom Writing Samples

Annotated biography of James Baldwin - Smart Custom Writing Growing Inequality in the Economic CircumstancesTopic: Growing Inequality in the Economic Circumstances of America's Children Who Are Raised In Single Parent Households Though the article under critique â€Å"Poverty and Inequality among Children† by Daniel T. Lichter (1997) does not only focus on single parent households as a primary reason for growing inequality in the economic well-being of American children; however it also takes into account many other variables that affect children’s economic well-being. Let’s analyze different aspects of this research article to have a deep look into it. Independent and Dependent Variables and their Relationship: Children poverty (children poverty rate in America) is the dependent variable in this study which, according to the writer, depends upon many factors. It totally depends upon one’s standard of comparison and will be decided according to the selected independent variables. Let’s have a look at the independent variables of the study. Lichter while talking about children poverty and inequality talked about single parent households in relation to three factors.   Thus the main independent variable is single parent households which is studied in relation to three factors identified as three main reasons of children poverty in America. These three factors can be categorized as three independent variables of the study. These three independent variables are â€Å"changes in family structure, changing patterns of employment and earnings, and changes in public assistance†; the major independent variable being changed family structure in which the main focus is on single parent households and how changing working patterns and changing public assistance is affecting single parent households.  Ã‚   Selection of Independent Variables: Since the study takes a comparison perspective thus the independent variables are selected on these lines. The variables: family structure, employment patterns and public assistance, are selected after a comparative analysis of several factors.   The writer compared several other factors from international, historical, and demographic perspectives to see how child poverty rate in America is affected; these factors which lead to the selection of independent variables are discussed below. First factor in this regard is whether a state is market-oriented or a social democratic welfare state. This factor is said to have an impact on child’s poverty and the child poverty rate will be decided depending upon whether the state is more market oriented or social. Within this dimension, a comparison is made between children poverty rate and the fact that whether the family is female-headed. Furthermore, within same comparison perspective public transfer income’s effect is studied on poverty rate of children in the given state. To elaborate it even further it is studied that what effects low earnings and low transfer incomes has on poverty rate and its effect if the family is female-headed.   Secondly, the effect on children poverty if the state used a means-tested welfare program or a Universalist social insurance programs is studied. This comparison of children poverty in America with other Western industrialized states, when studied on the bases of whether th e family is single parent or not, showed striking differences in poverty rates of different states. Even the states having higher number of unmarried child-bearing couples have lower children poverty rate (Smeeding et al, 1988); this makes ‘single parent households’ a weak independent variable.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Second factor from same comparison perspective is selected as ‘time’. The study takes into account several dimensions to study today’s poverty rate and compare it with past population. This facilitates the comparison of child poverty rate today with what it was years back. This comparison engulfs many other perspectives including income decline from past and present, rich and poor gap, welfare income dependency, changing family structures, age inequality, living conditions gap, changed consumption patterns and growing chronic poverty in today’s population; where all these factors stand as independent variables having drastic impacts on children poverty rate today. Third factor from same comparison perspective is selected as ‘racial or ethnic differences’. Though these differences are independent but they do have a great impact on deciding poverty rate of American children. Poverty and prosperity rates are studied on different levels depending upon  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   economic inequality among population  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   rich and poor people  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   education – educated and less educated  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   job skills  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   family structure - married-couple families and single-parent families  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   migrations - native-borns and immigrants  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   work patterns among women in single-parent and married-couple pattern  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   urban sprawl - city dwellers and suburbanites  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   welfare assistance from government and then the comparisons are made with racial and ethnic background of the population to know its impact on children poverty rate. Unit of analysis (Population being studied): In this study, the researcher has taken American children as population to study growing economic inequality and poverty. The reason of selecting this unit of analysis is the motive to identify what factors are contributing towards diminished economic future of America so that proper remedial steps could be taken so as to ensure a bright and economically strong society. The fact that â€Å"today’s poor children will become the future poor adults† made the bases for this study and an effort is made to identify the major reasons of inequality and poverty among children. Critical Analysis of Research Design and Methodology used in this Study: For this study the researcher has relied on secondary data which was collected via quantitative research thus the research design followed by the researcher is also quantitative. However as quoted by Miles Huberman (1994) that Donald Campbell once said that "All research ultimately has a qualitative grounding† due to the fact that they need to be interpreted according to the needs of the study. Thus even after using secondary data collected through quantitative means Lichter has to somehow apply qualitative methods to interpret the data according to the needs of this study. Second point to note when it comes to the research methodology and design used by the researcher for this study is that the researcher has also used the data used by other researchers for their research. This poses a potential threat when it comes to the reliability of the data because due to the fact that every research is conducted for a specific purpose and data collected and interpreted is mainly complementing that purpose, thus there is a possibility that the data is wrongly interpreted and lead to wrong results or at least some parts of the research may be invalid. This is one of the major weaknesses of relying completely on the secondary data for a research. Another notable point is the excess use of independent variables due to the combination of comparison perspective and etiology. Though this approach gives a broader assortment to the research however it confuses the reader at the same time. There are so many points to consider that relate different reasons with children poverty and inequality which diverts the reader attention from the main focus of the study. As for the strengths and weaknesses of the methodology used by the author, first point which becomes obvious is the use of information from varied sources. This makes the research stronger because there is much information to support an argument, however the researcher, at the same time, uses some conflicting views which confuses the reader and make it difficult for them to decide whether or not the point under discussion have an impact on child poverty and inequality. Another point to note is that the data used from governmental sources i.e. census etc is quite reliable but their suitability to this research study is questionable. The income-based measure which follows Orshansky criteria to study the prevalence of economic deprivation, used in this study, has many limitations. According to the researcher himself, the measure does account for inflation each year and is adjusted accordingly however many other factors remained unattended which gives rise to the questions regarding its reliability. This measure fails to account for many factors like increase in real family income and consumption by children, public assistance for children, geographic differences that alter the costs of food, clothes and shelter for children etc. Moreover, the income is not adjusted for taxes and also the equivalent poverty income depending upon family sizes and adult-children family composition is not taken into account. Similarly the increase in single parent househo lds and cohabiting partners are not taken into account. These shortcomings makes it difficult to rely on the results displayed thereof. Another point when it comes to analyze the research approach used by the author is that there are two things under consideration: relative economic deprivation and absolute economic deprivation. Now, there are so many factors and dimensions under discussion that affects and decides whether the economic deprivation is relative or absolute and that too with different further perspectives to account for which makes it difficult for the reader to decide what is the actual factor affecting the deprivation level and growing inequality among American children. For example, factors like reliance on welfare income, children belonging from minority, children living in single parent households and immigrant children etc. all affects and decides the level of economic deprivation which is not account for thus making the research results questionable. Specific Recommendation to Improve the Research: The conclusion part of the research leaves many questions in the minds of the readers. It doesn’t provide any specific solution to the issue under discussion nor does it give any solid reason why less progress is made in relation to growing children poverty and inequality. It leaves it up to the reader and the future researchers to decide what is lacking and what must be ensured to cope with the issue of growing children poverty in America. This study identifies that what could be the possible reasons that this issue is not yet addressed properly like it could   be ineffective social policy or inadequate research but doesn’t ends up selecting one. Leaving the debate open is good to encourage new thoughts on any subject however it is only recommendable when the current ideas are insufficient or have been disregarded as the possible solutions. Whereas in case of the current study under discussion there are already so many ideas and possible outcomes that leaving the choice up to the reader or future researchers will only   confuse the matter. Thus in my viewpoint this study somehow fails to contribute much towards the solution of the issue under debate. Future Required Research: This study have identified three independent variables as changes in family structure, changing patterns of employment and earnings, and changes in public assistance with regards to single parent households. However, there are contradicting researches as well that negate single parent households as a reason of children poverty. For example, the study by Smeeding et al (1988) shows that the states having higher number of unmarried child-bearing couples have lower children poverty rate like Sweden. This makes ‘single parent households’ as a weak choice to be taken as independent variable. This raises different questions in regards to what actually can be taken as an independent variable to study children poverty. As for future research requirement, there is a solid need to clearly identify what actually triggers childhood poverty and inequality and what is actually contributing to increase it. As also suggested by the researcher of this study, there is an obvious need to look for some sensitive measures that incorporates many of the affecting factors, as discussed in the previous heading, so as to able to reflect and decide what affects both relative and absolute economic deprivation for children. There is a need to identify what it is that can improve the growing inequality and poverty among children since it is very important to eradicate the problem from its roots. There is a need to see whether it is discredited cultural norms like marriage etc or it is the lack of government policies that can help make children become economically self-sufficient.   The conclusion of the study is really helpful in identifying several issues that can be taken as next approach or topic for next research. References:   Lichter (1997), Poverty and Inequality Among Children, Annual Review of Sociology, Vol. 23, pp. 121-145 Smeeding T, et al (1988) Patterns of income and poverty: the economic status of children and the elderly in eight countries. In The Vulnerable, ed. JL Palmer, T Smeed- ing, BB Torrey, pp.89-119. Washington, DC: Urban Inst Miles Huberman, (1994), Qualitative data analysis, an expanded sourcebook, sage publications, the University of Michigan, ISBN 0803946538, 9780803946538

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Religion Essays Diversity of Religious Cultures The impact of immigration greatly affected the diversity of religious cultures and traditions in Australia The impact of immigration greatly affected the diversity of religious cultures and traditions in Australia. It dramatically increased in some groups and causes a decline in others, because of the introduction of new denominations. Before 1945, Australia was predominantly a Christian based society, lacking diversity. The impact admidst the Second World War led to an increase in the Orthodox churches and several branches of Christianity. The abolishment of the White Australian Policy (1970s) meant that Australia was freely open to various peoples from other countries seeking migration to Australia. As a result of this more Africans, Asians and Middle Easterns were able to migrate, most of which brought new religious denominations such as Islam, Hindiusm, Buddhism etc. Prior to 1945, Australia’s religious landscape was mostly dominated by Christians- mostly Catholics and Anglicans. Even within Christians, Anglicans dominated more in numbers as they were supported by the government and held some social authority. However, the aftermath of WW2 with the refugees seeking new lives enabled Jews to come to Australia- which contributed in increasing the number of Jewish adherents in Australia. Also, the slogan ‘populate of perish’ in the 50s- 60s enabled other Europeans to immigrate to Australia, hence increasing the number of Orthodox Christians. Although since 1945, Christianity still outnumbered other religions in Australia, the drop of the White Australian Policy in the early 70s allowed immigration from non- Christian countries such as: Asia, India, Africa and Middle East- bringing religions Buddhism, Hinduism and Islam into Australia. This not only shapes the current religious landscape of Australia having diverse religions other than Christianity, but also effected the rate of Christianity to drop to 67.9% out of the whole population of Australia. Changing patterns of religious adherence 20 percent of Australians are non religious From 1996-2001 > dramatic increase in Islam, Buddhism, Hindu and Judaism Due to the abolishment of the white Australian policy immigration increased. After 1976 the Methodist church seized to exist. After 1976 the two new Christian denominations arose in Australia > Pentecostal church the uniting church in 1981. Christianity as the major religious tradition Originally migration came from Irland / Britain Immigration 14 orthodox denominations in Australia Abolishment of white Australian policy. Denominational switching Within protestant or Anglican denominations people are very prepared two switch denominations. 1991 the church life survey shows that 29% of people had switched in the last 5 years. Reasons for switching is because; New comers joining or rejoining after a number of years. Rise of new age religions: New Age teachings became popular during the 1970s Often use mutually exclus ive definitions for some of their terms A free-flowing spiritual movement Secularism: the belief that religion should not be involved with the ordinary social and political activities of a country. from 1788 to the present day, regular church attendance has increased from 10% to 20%. People who associate themselves with no-religion in the census rose from 7% in 1971 to 16% in 2001. The ANU survey showed 42% of responses believed religion was not important. Outline changing patterns of religious adherence from 1945 to the present using census data There have been significant declines in the number of Christians regularly attending religious services. This decline is most evident in the Anglican Church, the Presbyterian Church and the Uniting Church. The drop in the figures for these three denominations represents both a decrease in the percentage of those who are affiliated with that denomination as well as a decline in actual numbers over the last decade. The proportion of Orthodox Christians in Australia grew rapidly after the Second World War and has remained quite constant over the past decade. Roman Catholics have continued to increase both numerically and as a percentage of the population, and have overtaken Anglicans as the largest denomination in Australia. Pentecostal figures have demonstrated strong growth both numerically and as a percentage of the population since the 1960s. In the last ten years however, this steep ascent appears to have slowed down and reached a plateau. The significant drop in the numbers of people regularly attending religious services should be read in conjunction with the substantial trend in the increasing numbers of people writing No Religion or Religion Not Stated in the census. The figure for religions other than Christianity, on the whole, appears to be steadily increasing from a fairly small base. Buddhist figures have grown at a steady rate from 1972 onwards and is now the largest religion other than Christianity in Australia. Hinduism has maintained steady growth. The numbers of Muslims in Australia have also increased dramatically since 1945. In 2001 the proportion of Jews was similar to that recorded in 1947. Christianity as the major religious tradition The significant decline in the number of Christians regularly attending religious services, especially in the Anglican, Uniting Church and Presbyterian denominations, can be attributed to the aging population, the lack of migrant intake and the general dissatisfaction impacting on other mainstream Christian groups. Roman Catholics are continuing to increase numerically, though not at the rate of the population because of its younger membership and substantial migrant intake. The significant increases in the Pentecostal figures can be attributed to factors such as the lively nature of its worship, its emphasis on contemporary music, the strong sense of community and spiritual support it provides, the charismatic leaders which lead the congregation and the clear cut answers it provides for times of uncertainty. Pentecostalism is an evangelical (fundamentalist and focused on conversion) and charismatic (a strong emphasis on the gifts of the Holy Spirit) strand of the Christian religion. The slow down in the increase of Pentecostal figures in the last 10 years can be attributed to the revolving door syndrome which recognises that large numbers of Pentecostals remain with the Church for a relatively short period of time and because many Pentecostals were encouraged by their leaders to write Australian Christian Church rather than Pentecostal on the 2001 census. Immigration Changed Australia from being mono-cultural, mono-faith to multi-cultural, multi-faith. Since World War 2 and the lifting of the White Australia policy there has been much more diversity in migration and an accompanying increase in the diversity of religious groupings. Migration after World War 2 led to increased number of Catholics from countries such as Italy, Malta etc. This also increased numbers of Orthodox Christians from Greece and Eastern Europe. After the ending of the White Australian policy in 1972 migration developed from a larger range of countries bringing a wider range of religions. Migration has led to significant increases in the numbers of people who are Buddhist, Muslims, Hindus and Jews. Buddhists came from Indo-Chinese countries Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia and in more recent times Malaysia, Hong Kong and China. Muslims came from countries such as Indonesia, Lebanon, Iran and Iraq, Bosnia. Increases have also occurred in Christian denominations where there is a large non-Anglo population Orthodox (Eastern Europe) and Catholic churches (from predominantly Irish to include Mediterranean, Eastern European, Asian, South American, African members). Increased presence of a variety of religious groups has also led to a greater appreciation of this diversity. Denominational switching The vast majority of people affiliated with religious groups in Australia were born into that religion. The phenomena of swapping between denominations or groups of the same religious tradition is known as denominational switching. Denominational switching is more common in Protestant Churches than in the Catholic Church. The majority of Pentecostals have moved from another Protestant denomination to join the Pentecostal group. Pentecostal is the term used to describe Christian denominations which have a strong emphasis on the gifts of the Holy Spirit (speaking in tongues, healing, prophecy etc). They are often relatively small groups which provides for more personal interaction, they also have lively worship. Pentecostalism is the fastest growing Christian group. Most Pentecostals have switched to the group from another Christian denomination. Many leave again after about 2 years this is known as the revolving door syndrome. Rise of New Age religions Census figures show a considerable level of dissatisfaction with traditional religious groups. Alongside this dissatisfaction is an indication of a strong and growing longing for a spiritual dimension to life. New Age is an umbrella term which refers to a range of alternative and/or pseudo-religious groups that people are attracted to. New Age religions are characterised by their adoption of elements of Eastern religions and their subsequent rejection of traditional Western views, and the fact that it favours creation centred spirituality. Some examples of new age religions are feng shui, yoga, tai chi, astrology, tarot cards, numerology etc. Many people uphold traditional religious beliefs and practices but supplement them with new age elements. Secularism Secularism is the belief that religion should not interfere with or be integrated into the public affairs of a society. There are multiple factors which have contributed to the decline of religions relevance for the integration and legitimation of modern life. The increasing pluralism and materialism of society alongside societys increasing individualism and dissatisfaction with traditional religions are major reasons for secularisation. This trend is most evident in the significant increase in the number of people responding No religion in the census alongside an overall decline in the Christian figures recorded in the census.