History of the book Emma by Jane Austen essay part 2Essay Writing Service

History of the book Emma by Jane Austen essay part 2Essay Writing Service History of the book Emma by Jane Austen essay part 2 History of the book Emma by Jane Austen essay part 2History of the book Emma by Jane Austen   essay part  1According to Neil Wenborn, â€Å"despite a proliferation of editions from the early years of the 20-th century onwards, R.W. Chapman’s edition of Emma, published by the Clarendon Press in Oxford in 1923 and reprinted at intervals since, remains the standard scholarly edition† (35). R.W. Chapman states that Jane Austen avoided the depiction of deep feelings (Chapman 6).In Lionel Trilling’s edition of the novel Emma, the editor provides the essay â€Å"Emma and the Legend of Jane Austen† that can be found in the introduction section of the riverside edition of the novel issued on 1957 in Boston. He states that in Emma, the author uses the genre of the so-called â€Å"intellectual idyll†, which has been identified by many critics, including Schiller. According to Lionel Trilling, Jane Austen is aimed at exploring the limits of intelligent lov e relationships and the conception of human interactions, which was described by Plato and Socrates (12). In his later collection Beyond Culture, he continues to explore Emma as a unique literary work, including his essay on Jane Austen’s criticism. He believes that Emma is aimed at teaching people, although he characterizes it as â€Å"a very difficult novel† (Trilling 12).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Stephen Parrish’s edition of the book Emma was published in 1972. In this edition of the book, there is much bibliographical information. Stephen Parrish is focused on numbering the chapters from one to fifty five as it is a newer edition of the book, while older editions were based on the original text of the author, which restarted the numbers of the chapters at one with the beginning of each of the three books or volumes of the novel (Parrish 3).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In addition, the novel Emma was edited by Fiona Stafford in 2008. The book was edited with a comprehensive introduction by Fiona Stafford, providing much important information on the novel. This edition includes a chronology and additional suggestions for enhancement of the further reading of the novel (Stafford 3).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Jane Austen’s talent was concluded in the ability to skillfully use free indirect speech combined with irony. She became one of the most influential and highly honored novelists not only in English literature, but also in World Literature. It has been found that in modern day culture, Jane Austen’s novels and the details of her personal life have been used as source for adaptation in films and theatrical productions. Thus, there are many adaptations for films and theater. Some of the recent adaptations based on the novel Emma were a great success with the public. Olivia Williams depicted Jane Austen in the BBC drama Miss Austen Regrets, which came out in 2007. Anne Hat haway portrayed a young Jane Austen in the film Becoming Jane which was produced in 2007. In 2010, Emma was used in a stage adaption by Michael Bloom at the Cleveland Play House, Ohio. In 2012, Emma was used as a stage adaption by Dr. Vicki Ooi of the Absolutely Fabulous Theatre Connection in Sai Wan Ho, Hong Kong.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The adaptations of Jane Austen’s Emma appeared not only in the UK, but also in the United States and other countries of the world. For example, â€Å"between 1970 and 1986, seven feature-length films or television miniseries, all British were produced based on Austen novel, in the years 1995-1996, however six additional adaptations appeared, half of them originating in Hollywood and the rest influenced by it† (Troost Greenfield 1). The advertising of films was based on the established Hollywood traditions. The researchers are interested in the way Austen’s novel Emma influence contemporary film productions, providing criticism of some elements of the plot, which leads to depiction of social inequality (Troost Greenfield 12). Practically all Austen films produced in the middle 1990s, like the novel Emma, provide ironic representation of romantic love and the reality of women’s lives. According to researchers, Jane Austen can be viewed a heroine of our times because she was a feminist with strong personality traits:Having all come out almost at once, and being aware of that, they direct themselves at audiences equally aware-people who have read about the films and the stars in newspapers and magazines, which also feature articles about what it means that Jane Austen is the heroine of our moment (Troost Greenfield 19).As irony is the major feature of our times, Austen’s novel Emma helps people to better understand the meaning of ironic ads, ironic articles, ironic poems, ironic sitcoms and other works that are produced today. Irony is closely connected with the expression of freedom. Although Jane Austen is considered to be a Romantic writer, she effectively uses irony to express herself (Haggerty 89).   According to researchers, Jane Austen is â€Å"a satirist or a novelist detached by definition from her society, and therefore, able to change the way readers see the world† (Troost Greenfield 19). However, it is necessary to understand the difference between the irony presented in the novel Emma and the irony of present day film adaptations. Today irony does not mean â€Å"saying one thing and meaning another† (Troost Greenfield 20). Austen’s irony is based on morale, while modern irony does not acknowledge morale. Austen’s novel Emma depicts simple form of morale. As a result, many film adaptations â€Å"have a single obvious, reiterated moral: that lovers deserve to enjoy one another, as viewers deserve to enjoy movies† (Troost Greenfield 20). Emma, the main character of Austen’s novel, was a beautif ul woman, but who was reluctant to marriage and family ties:She always declares she will never marry, which, of course, means just nothing at all. But I have no idea that she has yet ever seen a man she cared for. It would not be a bad thing for her to be very much in love with a proper object. I should like to see Emma in love, and in some doubt of a return; it would do her good. But there is nobody hereabouts to attach her; and she goes so seldom from home (Austen 22).One of the criticisms of the novel Emma is â€Å"formalist criticism† that is considered to be a â€Å"universal method† of skeptical commentators.   According to Frances Ferguson, the novel Emma helps to reveal different critical interpretations. In fact, these interpretations can be reflected in film adaptations. Ferguson’s analysis of Emma’s criticism highlights the role of formalist criticism, which demonstrates different ways, in which different readings and interpretations of the l iterary work have become the â€Å"subject of critical enquiry† (Ferguson 159). As a matter of fact, the language used by the critic is different from other critics’ essays on Emma, e.g. Tilling’s essay. Frances Ferguson is focused on the significance of the opinions, which relate to the novel Emma. Frances Ferguson’s criticism influenced the opinions of other literary critics, including contemporary critics. Gard Rogers is one of critics who discuss the role of Austen’s characters, including Emma, in film adaptations. In his essay â€Å"A few skeptical thoughts on Jane Austen and film†, he states that Austen’s novel Emma is appropriate for camera because films â€Å"use music to suggest, reflect and enhance emotion, often quite potently; and dialogue can be lifted straight from the text to specify dramatically† (Rogers 10).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Today, the novels written by Jane Austen can be found at the top of the list of the classic bestsellers. According to researchers, the international sales of books written by the English writer contribute to the increased rate of television and film adaptations. One of the well-known film adaptations is the â€Å"1996 Miramax blockbuster Emma, written and directed by Douglas McGrath and starring Gwyneth Paltrow as the heroine Austen† (Wenborn 36). The popularity of the English writer can be explained by Jane Austen’s naturalism in style of writing and in other elements of literary work. According to Thomas Henry Lister, the well-known novelist of the 19-th century, who used to write much about Austen and her novels, she â€Å"has never been as popular as she deserved to be† (qtd. in Wenborn 36). The novel Emma has become the subject for many other adaptations, including film adaptations (e.g. 1995 Clueless; 2010 Aisha), TV adaptations (e.g. 1948 Emma, live BBC TV broadcast, directed and produced by Michael Barry; 1954 Em ma, live NBC TV broadcast; 1960 Emma, live CBS TV broadcast; 2009 Emma, BBC miniseries, and some other TV adaptations) and several stage adaptations (e.g. 1991 Emma, a stage adaptation by Michael Fry; 2000 Emma, a musical by Stephan Karam; 2007 Emma, a musical by Joel Adlen; 2010 Emma, a stage adaptation by Michael Bloom and many other works). The film Aisha is a modern adaptation of the novel Emma produced by the Indian film company. Aisha is represented in the form of a romantic comedy film. The film was directed by Rajshree Ojha, starring Sonam Kapoor and Abhay Deol. This film adaptation points out to the fact that Jane Austen is highly acclaimed not only in the UK and the United States, but also in India. The plot of the novel can be applied to all times and generations (Wiltshire 111). According to Penny Gay, Jane Austen’s novel Emma reflects many scenes that resemble plays; therefore recent film and television adaptations have shown â€Å"how naturally dramatic her sto ries are† (3).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although the novel Emma has never been acclaimed as the most popular novel of Jane Austen’s works, many literary critics and scholars would agree that Emma may be regarded as the best literary work of the author â€Å"from the point of view of literary achievement†, which combined all the elements of Austen’s writing style, including irony, realism, morality, characterization, narrative style and tone. Today the novel Emma remains in print. Almost two hundred years people enjoy Austen’s writing, discussing the themes reveled in the novel and making conclusions reading the meaning of life, marriage and friendship. According to Laura M. White, Jane Austen’s Anglicanism reflects her engagement with the world of reality and romanticism. The novelist highlights the role of the cosmos and human nature (White 23). Although many readers are focused on projecting postmodern perspectives in the work Emma by Jane Austen, as she tends to reflect their own times, beliefs and values, Laura M. White argues that it is necessary to view Austen’s Anglicanism â€Å"through the lens of primary sources of the period, including the complex history of the Georgian church to which Austen was intimately connected all her life† (3). This approach helps to better understand the central conflict that existed between â€Å"Austen’s malicious wit and her family’s testimony to her Christian piety and kindness† (White 3).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thus, it is necessary to conclude that the novel Emma by Jane Austen has influenced popular culture, as well as literature. Although the book is over a century and a half old, it has an enormous impact on readers today. The themes discussed by the author and the unique writing style provide an opportunity to have a better understanding of women’s desires and social response to feminist issue s (Debb 95). The novel Emma continues to be read by different audiences. Millions of people enjoy the novel and place emphasis on the critical responses provided by experts, literary critics, and everyone who loves literature. There are many critical essays, which represent impressive interpretations of Jane Austen’s novels. Actually, these critical essays and film, TV and scene adaptations â€Å"provide an emphatic testimony to Austen’s continuing importance and the ever-increasing pleasure afforded by Emma†(Stafford 30).

Cute Graduation Quotes That Say It All

Cute Graduation Quotes That Say It All Do you need to make a graduation speech? Whether youre the valedictorian, class speaker, or the featured guest speaker at the graduation ceremony, you dont want to put the audience to sleep. The crowd is already dressed in black, so you probably want to brighten the gathering with wit and wisdom. While its a formal occasion, you can show a little of your fun side at the ceremony. Here are cute quotes to sprinkle into your graduation speech. These quotes may also be appropriate if youre making a custom graduation card, writing a note to the grad, or posting them a message. After all, you dont want them to think that they are the only ones with the talent and brains to compose a cute but uplifting missive, right? Today is your day! Your mountain is waiting. So... get on your way. -Dr. SeussYou have to be odd to be number one. -Dr. SeussYou have brains in your head. You have feet in your shoes. You can steer yourself in any direction you choose. -Dr. SeussShoot for the moon. Even if you miss, youll land among the stars. -Les BrownJust about a month from now Im set adrift, with a diploma for a sail and lots of nerve for oars. -Richard HaliburtonGo for it now. The future is promised to no one. -Wayne DyerThe young graduate is discovering that among the necessaries of life, the most important is living. -AnonymousIf you think education is expensive, try ignorance! -Andy McIntyreHitch your wagon to a star. -Ralph Waldo EmersonLife has no remote. Get up and change it yourself. -Mark A. CooperMinds are like parachutes- they only function when open. -Thomas DewarIf opportunity doesnt knock, build a door. -Milton BerleLife has a very simple plot: first  youre here and then youre not. -Eric Idle Heres the thing: the world is not going to issue you an engraved invitation to this life. -Sarah HeidtWhenever Id complain or be upset about something, my mother had the same advice: Darling, change the channel. You are in control of the clicker. Dont replay the bad, scary movie. -Arianna HuffingtonIsnt it funny how day by day nothing changes, but when you look back, everything is different. -C.S. LewisThere are far, far better things ahead than any we leave behind. -C.S. LewisThe difference between school and life is that in school youre taught a lesson and then given a test. In life, youre given a test that teaches you a lesson. -Tom BodettYou will never have more energy or enthusiasm, hair, or brain cells than you have today. -Tom and Ray Magliozzi

A Critical Evaluation of HRM and Organisational Behaviour Theories Essay

A Critical Evaluation of HRM and Organisational Behaviour Theories - Essay Example As such, this essay seeks to critically analyse the influence of HRM practices and organisational behaviour on the performance of the individuals as well as the organization as a whole. The essay starts by explaining the meaning of the key term, organizational behaviour and this will be followed by the evaluation of various factors that can affect the performance of the employees. The last part of the paper will summarize the main points discussed. Basically, organisational behaviour can be summed up as the study of what people do in an organization and how that behaviour affects the performance of the organization (Robbins, 1993). Organisational behaviour is specifically concerned with employment related situations and it emphasizes on aspects such as work, productivity, human performance and management. As such, there is a correlation between organisational behaviour and HRM given that these are employee oriented. In order for the workers to put optimum performance in their operati ons, it is imperative that the leadership of the organization put some measures that are meant to ensure that they are satisfied with their work. This leads to improvement in their performance which ultimately leads to the productivity of the organization as a whole.... Leadership is generally defined as â€Å"the social process of influencing people to work voluntarily, enthusiastically and persistently towards a purposeful group or organisational goal,† (Werner, 2007, p.36). A leader often adds an inspirational and emotional dimension to the organization through creating a shared vision among the members and inspiring people within that particular organization to be passionate towards the achievement of the vision and set goals. It can be noted that change is also inevitable in organisations hence there is need for the HRM to take a holistic approach in anticipating such changes. Given the complexity of the changing human resources management landscape, the leader has to be better positioned to engage the employees through working with them such that they will be in a better position to put optimum performance in their operations. The human resources managers as leaders play a great role in anticipating both internal as well as external fac tors that can affect the operations of the employees. More often than not, certain changes are viewed with mixed reactions by the members of the organisation hence there is need to first identify the aspects that can immediately affect the performance of the workers. Internally, there may be need for the managers to change the roles played by the employees but this strategy requires them to take into consideration the needs of the workers. Individuals in an organization have different needs and aspirations to fulfil hence their efforts have to be catered for by the management (Robbins, 1993). Some situations can emerge within the organization where there will be need to move away from traditional ways of doing

Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 7

Art - Essay Example The type of artistic expression that emanates from a certain society also revolves around expressing the culture and social life and ideas that are harbored by a group. Therefore, social and cultural values and ideas play an influential role in influencing the artistic expression of people (Boughton & Mason, 1999). The concept of civilization is as old as mankind, but it was not until the Greeks that civilization came to be realized. It is impossible to mention civilization without mentioning the Greeks. As ancient as Greeks are, they formed the basis of civilization through developing a culture that defied the odds at that time. The Greek idea of civilization had its roots on the philosophical thought and a developed culture that not only satisfied the people’s need to adapt to the environment but also created some time for expansion and spread of civilization. It is important to note that the Greek civilization did not sprout from politics but rather from the cultural values and ideas. It was these cultural values that have had a far reaching and lasting influence in the arts world, which is experienced to date. Religion was a major force that influenced the way people lived and expressed themselves through art. Greek religious elements are still observable in current religions like C hristianity, Islam and Buddhism. Greeks had a host of gods and goddesses, which influenced the type of art that existed during the time. However, religion also attracted another controversial aspect of Greeks’ cultural values and ideas. Philosophy among the Greeks was highly developed (Woodford, 1982). Greek philosophers like Socrates and Plato developed rational ideas about existence of gods and developed other forms of inquiry. Greeks also developed other forms of rationalistic thinking. Their thoughts are expressed in science and

Advantages and Disadvantages of Technology Essay Example for Free

Advantages and Disadvantages of Technology Essay The advantages of stun guns and patrol car video surveillance are a critical tool in law enforcement. Officers are given the option of Tasers, which are extremely effective when pursuing an offender that might have had the upper hand to fight for a long time, resulting in the officer gaining injuries. Currently, patrol car video is a necessity as video records will enhance an officers credibility, corroborate identities, and statement issues, and can be used as evidence in court. However, critical to law enforcement; stun guns should be used as a last resort. Let us examine some of the issues that contain some validity to arguments for the continue use of these tools within law enforcement. One may argue that a Taser (stun gun) causes muscle contractions and renders a person helpless while being temporarily paralyzed. Lee (2007) addressed this to be true, but law enforcement has maximized training programs so that suspects and officers lives are not in jeopardy. In addition, when a stun gun is used there is a permanent record and the video surveillance is automatically recorded when an officer takes the safety off the weapon (Lee, 2007). Consequently, the stun gun is used by law enforcement specifically for self-defense, and as a result, Lee (2007) mentions there have been hundreds of arrests that would have been involved in most serious outcomes, such as a suspect or officers demise. Read more:  Essay About Technology Advantages and Disadvantages As much as of 1,500 lives a year are taken by accidents with firearms in the United States (Tennenbaum, A. N., Moore, A. M. (1993). However, guns have been converted into less-lethal weapons such as Tasers. In fact, the Taser gun also known as a stun gun has the capacity of 50,000 volts that are connected to electrodes, and this nonlethal weapon resembles a gun in its composition and has varying degrees of power. Tennenbaum, A. N., Moore, A. M. (1993) noted that there are available nonlethal weapon technologies, which give citizens options and no deadly force of traditional guns. The stun gun is an alternative weapon that can be operated by an officer with proper training and is a nonlethal weapon. One must be capable of using a stun gun to subdue or neutralize a suspect so that no harm will occur to ones body. After all, not every person has the same body structure, so  therefore the stun gun can be more dangerous depending on the individual. Example, someone with a heart defibrillator can die from a stun gun (Lee, 2007). However, with the proper training, an officer has the knowledge of reducing or increasing power on the stun gun, and the main idea here is that the Taser will immediately stop an individual in his tracks by setting the Taser to a specific level for the offender. One may argue that stun guns may promptly fall into the hands of criminals who will use them for criminal acts. Although, there is no arguing over this point, nevertheless with these weapons such as stun guns, the consequences will not be deadly for either the officer or the offender. Suppose some others may say that nonlethal weapons are unrealistic but interesting. After all, one knows an advance of technological knowledge is essential in law enforcement. For example, when Tasers are used in the muscular areas, the offenders nervous system is shut down for up to 30 seconds. As a result, the officer is safe from harm. Finally, an officer now has efficient time to confine or restrain the suspect. Hence, no one gets hurt. Law enforcement wants to prevent any misuse. An individuals background is nationally run through to verify his credit card information, age, and identification. Finally, there is a check for any felony convictions, not to mention terrorist watch lists. If any information pertaining to felonies show up, the individual will be turned away. When one uses a patrol car and it is equipped with video surveillance, he is being protected in many ways because video does not lie. Whether the officer is acting inappropriately or the suspect is acting hostile the video will prove to be the most critical evidence. Tennenbaum, A. N., Moore, A. M. (1993) assures surveillance systems are great additions to police cars. They protect both sides, and if one thinks about it, he would rather be stunned than shot. The most distinct video surveillance brings the highest quality to agencies. They are easy to use and they have the technology to transfer, gather, and retrieve evidence. In fact, the video is shared with court officials and the prosecution while maintaining the integrity of the original video. There are no negative factors in having patrol car video surveillance. This tool is capable of functional requirements and meeting legislative mandates. Typically, patrol car surveillance systems tend to use analog tape technologies, which can be copied and transferred. However, overall performance in these surveillance systems is limited. In conclusion, the overall success with law enforcement and the violence out there today are critical tools for an officers self-defense. In addition, Taser and video surveillance are the most chosen tools in law enforcement. Furthermore, when the Taser is used properly and efficiently, it will deter the most hostile offenders, whereas most nonlethal weapons will not having the necessary means. Meanwhile video surveillance can help an officers defense or a suspects guilt in court as it is a permanent video record of an incident. Moreover, video surveillance is never bias, the truth is right in front of you. References Lee, Harry. (2007, February 19). JPSO Tasers Have Proven To Be A Near-Perfect Non-Lethal Weapon That Stuns. Sheriffs Weekly Journal, 27(31), 36, 1/3. Retrieved May 28, 2008, fromhttp://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=f5hAN=24245269site=ehost-liveTennenbaum, A. N., Moore, A. M. (1993). Non-Lethal Weapons: Alternatives To Deadly Force. The Futurist, 27(5), 20. Retrieved May 28, 2008, from ABI/INFORM Global database. (Document ID: 479634).

Where we Stand by Hooks :: Free Essay Writer

Where we Stand by Hooks In our current society, it is acceptable to talk about race or gender. However, when it comes to the subject of class, people tend to tense, and are uncertain as to where they stand. At one time in history money afforded prestige and power, however now, money is a large part of our society and tends to rule many peoples lives. In the book Where We Stand: Class Matters, by bell hooks, she describes a life growing up in a family who had nothing, to now becoming one of America’s most admired writers. She wrote this book because she wanted to write about her journey from a working class world to class-consciousness, and how we are challenged everyday with the widening gap between the rich and the poor. In her book, hook’s describes a life dominated by the haunting issues of money, race, and class. Looking at this from the different perspectives of a functionalist, symbolic interactionist, and conflict helps to show other points of view. If you were to look at this book from a functionalist’s perspective you would be looking at it from an extremely greedy aspect. A functionalist would say that their parents and society told them that only people with money were good and successful. Thus, causing you to feel like â€Å"trash† or class if you did not make a huge salary, and live a wealthy life. A symbolic interactionist would tell you that they grew up where all of their peers drove nice cars, and had large homes, so to fit in, you need to be able to buy those things. However, a person with a conflict point of view would say that it was her ongoing struggle with society, and having to defend her class, that has made her who she is today. There are many ‘norms’ and values expressed throughout hook’s writing. In the early part of the twentieth century survival belonged to the fittest. Not necessarily meaning fittest as ‘strongest,’ but able to produce, work hard, and make a secure life for yourself and family. On the other hand, in today’s society the message is that survival belongs only to the greedy. Also many young kids have the notion that in order to ’live the good life’ you must be wealthy of material possessions. Younger kids have to deal a lot more with the pressures associated with wealth.

How did the Cold War begin Essay

The Cold War was â€Å"the struggle for global power between the United States and the Soviet Union following World War II† (History book, pg. 874). The Cold War began by controversial wants and needs from two different countries and several different â€Å"weapons† were used to fight this controversial war. The feuds eventually kept building up, greater and greater, resulting in one great war. Two countries, the United States and the Soviet Union both took part in fighting. The Cold war began for a number of different reasons. One of the main reasons this war began was that there were huge differences in the way that the Soviet and the US led one another and the disagreements eventually reached a final rising point, causing several feuds as well, riots. The US was a democratic state where many parties could stand and elections were held. It was a fair and politically correct policy for everyone. â€Å"I believe it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted domination by armed minorities or outside pressure.† (DBQ 2) The Soviet was a communist state, where the political party controlled the state. The people basically had no free will. More reasons as to how the Cold War started up would be affected by the mistrust between the two countries. It started as far back as the October Revolution of 1917. When the communists came to power, they created harsher ways of ruling their country, which angered the US greatly. One last reason on how the Cold War came about was the US fear of Russian expansion. In 1922, Russia combined with five other states creating the Soviet Union. In 1936 five more states joined forming an even larger Soviet Union. Eventually the Soviet Union had almost equaled the size of Europe. â€Å"All these famous cities and the populations around them lie in the Soviet sphere†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (DBQ 1) The US feared a new uprising of a strong, independent, and powerful country. â€Å"I need to say that the world situation is very serious†¦ Europe must have a great deal of additional help, or face heavy economic, social, and political damage.† (DBQ 3) During the Cold War there weren’t really weapons used during the war. Going back to the term â€Å"Cold War,† it referenced to not having the war getting â€Å"heated† with weapons of mass destruction etc. No Nuclear, Biological or Chemical weapons were used during this Cold War. Instead, the countries fought up front, or in some other type of not so violent way. However, during the Cold War, there were some new weapons that were created from both sides. During this period, the Soviet Union created their own atomic bomb and the H-Bomb (Hydrogen Bomb) was first created in the United States. These two weapons of mass destruction were not used, better suggesting the phrase, â€Å"Cold War.† If by any means there were to be a weapon of mass destruction aimed at the opposing enemy, then the country responsible for the cause would have to help restore, and fix any damages caused. â€Å"They agree that if such an armed attack occurs, each of them will assist the party or parties so attacked.† (DBQ 4) The Cold War was a five year war against the Soviet Union and the United States. These two Communist and Democratic countries had very different views and ways of ruling their citizens. One feared of expansion, the other feared of the opposing differences. However, they both agreed on keeping the war at a minimum by agreeing to not allow weapons of mass destruction, etc. to come into the war. Hints to the term â€Å"Cold War.†

Climate change as environmental challenge Essay

Climate change is the most imperative environmental challenge facing the planet. Due to intensified reliance on fossil fuels for energy, greenhouse gases increase in the atmosphere and warms the Earth warts and all evident from the increasing ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice and rising sea levels (http://www.pewtrusts.org). The warming observed in the past fifty years is very likely to have been caused by the increased greenhouse gases released by human activities like burning of fossil fuels, land use change and agriculture. The atmospheric concentrations of these greenhouse gases have significantly increased since the beginning of industrial revolution (http://ec.europa.eu). The Earth’s average surface temperature since 1850 has risen by 0.76oC and is projected to increase from 1.8oC to 4oC in the end of the 21st century considering that there will be no additional mitigation measure apart from those already in place in 2000 (http://ec.europa.eu). This increase in temperature may lead to severe snow and ice melting, changes in hydrological and biological systems, earlier migrations and shifting towards the poles of species’ geographic ranges. Adaptation measures are already being implemented and are essential to address the projected consequences. The European Union played a key role in the development of the major treaty addressing the issue on climate change, the Kyoto Protocol, agreed in 1997. The Kyoto protocol of cutting greenhouse gas emission to 8% below 1990’s level in 2008-2012 has allowed the establishment of a global response to the climate problem (http://www.pewtrusts.org); however this adaptation effort is limited. Less lenient mitigation measures will also be needed in order to reduce the severity of climate change’s impacts. It may be necessary to set mandatory limits and ratify national climate policies on reduction of greenhouse gas emission across all economic sectors. Also switching to a more sustainable development paths related to energy efficiency, renewable energies and conservation of natural habitats can make a major contribution to climate change mitigation. Works Cited â€Å"Pew Campaign on Global Warming.† The Pew Charitable Trusts. 1996-2008. 3 June 2008  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   . â€Å"Climate Change.† The European Commission. 14 May 2008. 3 June 2008  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   .   

Civil Rights Movement Timeline From 1965 to 1969

Civil Rights Movement Timeline From 1965 to 1969 This civil rights movement timeline focuses on the struggles final years when some activists embraced black power, and leaders no longer appealed to the federal government to end segregation, thanks to the enactment of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. Although the passage of such legislation was a major triumph for civil rights activists, Northern cities continued to suffer from de facto segregation, or segregation that was the result of economic inequality rather than discriminatory laws. De facto segregation was not as easily addressed as the legalized segregation that had existed in the South, and Martin Luther King  Jr. spent the mid-to-late 1960s working on behalf of both black and white Americans living in poverty. African-Americans  in Northern cities became increasingly frustrated with the slow pace of change, and a number of cities experienced riots. Some turned to the black power movement, feeling that it had a better chance of rectifying the sort of discrimination that existed in the North. By the end of the decade, white Americans had moved their attention away from the civil rights movement to the Vietnam War, and the heady days of change and victory experienced by civil rights activists in the early 1960s came to an end with Kings assassination  in 1968. 1965 On Feb. 21, Malcolm X is assassinated in Harlem at the Audubon Ballroom apparently by Nation of Islam  operatives, although other theories abound.On March 7, 600 civil rights activists, including Hosea Williams of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) and John Lewis of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), leave Selma, Ala., traveling eastward on Route 80 toward Montgomery, Ala. They are marching to protest the killing of Jimmy Lee Jackson, an unarmed demonstrator slain during a march the prior month by an Alabama state trooper. State troopers and local police stop the marchers at the Edmund Pettus Bridge, beating them with clubs as well as spraying them with water hoses and tear gas.On March 9, King leads a march to the Pettus bridge, turning the marchers around at the bridge.On March 21, 3,000 marchers leave Selma for Montgomery, completing the march without opposition.On March 25, around 25,000 people join the Selma marchers at the Montgomery city l imits. On Aug. 6, President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Voting Rights Act into law, which bans discriminatory voting requirements, like requiring people to complete literacy tests before they registered to vote. White Southerners had used this technique to disenfranchise blacks.On Aug. 11, a riot breaks out in Watts, a section of Los Angeles, after a fight erupts between a white traffic officer and a black man accused of drinking and driving. The officer arrests the man and some of his family members who had arrived at the scene. Rumors of police brutality, however, result in six days of rioting in Watts. Thirty-four people, mostly African Americans, die during the riot. 1966 On Jan. 6, SNCC announces its opposition to the Vietnam War. SNCC members would feel increasing sympathy for the Vietnamese, comparing the indiscriminate bombing of Vietnam to racial violence in the United States.On Jan. 26, King moves into an apartment in a Chicago slum, announcing his intention to start a campaign against discrimination there. This in response to the increasing unrest in Northern cities over prejudice and de facto segregation. His efforts there are ultimately deemed unsuccessful.On June 6, James Meredith embarks on a March Against Fear from Memphis, Tenn., to Jackson, Miss., to encourage black Mississippians to register to vote. Near Hernando, Miss., Meredith is shot. Others take up the march, joined on occasion by King.On June 26, the marchers reach Jackson. During the last days of the march, Stokely Carmichael and other SNCC members clash with King after they encourage the frustrated marchers to embrace the slogan of black power.On Oct. 15, Huey P. Newton and Bob by Seale found the Black Panther Party in Oakland, Calif. They want to create a new political organization to better the conditions of African Americans. Their goals include better employment and educational opportunities as well as improved housing. 1967 On April 4, King makes a speech against the Vietnam War at Riverside Church in New York.On June 12, the Supreme Court hands down a decision in Loving v. Virginia, overturning laws against interracial marriage as unconstitutional.In July, riots break out in Northern cities, including Buffalo, N.Y., Detroit, Mich. and Newark, N.J.On Sept. 1, Thurgood Marshall becomes the first African American appointed to the Supreme Court.On Nov. 7, Cal Stokes is elected mayor of Cleveland, making him the first African American to serve as mayor of a major American city.In November, King announces the Poor Peoples Campaign, a movement to unite the poor and disenfranchised of America, regardless of race or religion. 1968 On April 11,  President Johnson  signs  the Civil Rights Act of 1968  (or the Fair Housing Act) into law, which prohibits discrimination by sellers or renters of property.Exactly a week earlier,  Martin Luther King, Jr., is assassinated  as he stands on the balcony outside his motel room at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tenn. King visited the city to support  African American sanitation workers there whod started a strike on Feb. 11.Between February and May, African American students protest at major universities, including Columbia University and Howard University, demanding changes in faculty, living arrangements, and curriculum.Between May 14 and June 24, over 2500 impoverished Americans set up a camp called Resurrection City in Washington, D.C., under the leadership of the Rev. Ralph Abernathy, who is trying to carry out Kings vision. The protest ends in riots and arrests without the strong leadership of King. 1969 Between April and May, African American students hold protests at universities, including Cornell University and North Carolina A T University in Greensboro, asking for changes such as a Black Studies program and the hiring of African American faculty.On Dec. 4, Fred Hampton, chairman of the  Illinois Black Panther party, is shot and killed by police during a raid. A federal grand jury refutes the polices assertion that they fired upon Hampton only in self-defense, but no one is ever indicted for Hamptons killing.

Annotated biography of James Baldwin - Smart Custom Writing Samples

Annotated biography of James Baldwin - Smart Custom Writing Growing Inequality in the Economic CircumstancesTopic: Growing Inequality in the Economic Circumstances of America's Children Who Are Raised In Single Parent Households Though the article under critique â€Å"Poverty and Inequality among Children† by Daniel T. Lichter (1997) does not only focus on single parent households as a primary reason for growing inequality in the economic well-being of American children; however it also takes into account many other variables that affect children’s economic well-being. Let’s analyze different aspects of this research article to have a deep look into it. Independent and Dependent Variables and their Relationship: Children poverty (children poverty rate in America) is the dependent variable in this study which, according to the writer, depends upon many factors. It totally depends upon one’s standard of comparison and will be decided according to the selected independent variables. Let’s have a look at the independent variables of the study. Lichter while talking about children poverty and inequality talked about single parent households in relation to three factors.   Thus the main independent variable is single parent households which is studied in relation to three factors identified as three main reasons of children poverty in America. These three factors can be categorized as three independent variables of the study. These three independent variables are â€Å"changes in family structure, changing patterns of employment and earnings, and changes in public assistance†; the major independent variable being changed family structure in which the main focus is on single parent households and how changing working patterns and changing public assistance is affecting single parent households.  Ã‚   Selection of Independent Variables: Since the study takes a comparison perspective thus the independent variables are selected on these lines. The variables: family structure, employment patterns and public assistance, are selected after a comparative analysis of several factors.   The writer compared several other factors from international, historical, and demographic perspectives to see how child poverty rate in America is affected; these factors which lead to the selection of independent variables are discussed below. First factor in this regard is whether a state is market-oriented or a social democratic welfare state. This factor is said to have an impact on child’s poverty and the child poverty rate will be decided depending upon whether the state is more market oriented or social. Within this dimension, a comparison is made between children poverty rate and the fact that whether the family is female-headed. Furthermore, within same comparison perspective public transfer income’s effect is studied on poverty rate of children in the given state. To elaborate it even further it is studied that what effects low earnings and low transfer incomes has on poverty rate and its effect if the family is female-headed.   Secondly, the effect on children poverty if the state used a means-tested welfare program or a Universalist social insurance programs is studied. This comparison of children poverty in America with other Western industrialized states, when studied on the bases of whether th e family is single parent or not, showed striking differences in poverty rates of different states. Even the states having higher number of unmarried child-bearing couples have lower children poverty rate (Smeeding et al, 1988); this makes ‘single parent households’ a weak independent variable.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Second factor from same comparison perspective is selected as ‘time’. The study takes into account several dimensions to study today’s poverty rate and compare it with past population. This facilitates the comparison of child poverty rate today with what it was years back. This comparison engulfs many other perspectives including income decline from past and present, rich and poor gap, welfare income dependency, changing family structures, age inequality, living conditions gap, changed consumption patterns and growing chronic poverty in today’s population; where all these factors stand as independent variables having drastic impacts on children poverty rate today. Third factor from same comparison perspective is selected as ‘racial or ethnic differences’. Though these differences are independent but they do have a great impact on deciding poverty rate of American children. Poverty and prosperity rates are studied on different levels depending upon  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   economic inequality among population  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   rich and poor people  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   education – educated and less educated  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   job skills  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   family structure - married-couple families and single-parent families  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   migrations - native-borns and immigrants  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   work patterns among women in single-parent and married-couple pattern  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   urban sprawl - city dwellers and suburbanites  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   welfare assistance from government and then the comparisons are made with racial and ethnic background of the population to know its impact on children poverty rate. Unit of analysis (Population being studied): In this study, the researcher has taken American children as population to study growing economic inequality and poverty. The reason of selecting this unit of analysis is the motive to identify what factors are contributing towards diminished economic future of America so that proper remedial steps could be taken so as to ensure a bright and economically strong society. The fact that â€Å"today’s poor children will become the future poor adults† made the bases for this study and an effort is made to identify the major reasons of inequality and poverty among children. Critical Analysis of Research Design and Methodology used in this Study: For this study the researcher has relied on secondary data which was collected via quantitative research thus the research design followed by the researcher is also quantitative. However as quoted by Miles Huberman (1994) that Donald Campbell once said that "All research ultimately has a qualitative grounding† due to the fact that they need to be interpreted according to the needs of the study. Thus even after using secondary data collected through quantitative means Lichter has to somehow apply qualitative methods to interpret the data according to the needs of this study. Second point to note when it comes to the research methodology and design used by the researcher for this study is that the researcher has also used the data used by other researchers for their research. This poses a potential threat when it comes to the reliability of the data because due to the fact that every research is conducted for a specific purpose and data collected and interpreted is mainly complementing that purpose, thus there is a possibility that the data is wrongly interpreted and lead to wrong results or at least some parts of the research may be invalid. This is one of the major weaknesses of relying completely on the secondary data for a research. Another notable point is the excess use of independent variables due to the combination of comparison perspective and etiology. Though this approach gives a broader assortment to the research however it confuses the reader at the same time. There are so many points to consider that relate different reasons with children poverty and inequality which diverts the reader attention from the main focus of the study. As for the strengths and weaknesses of the methodology used by the author, first point which becomes obvious is the use of information from varied sources. This makes the research stronger because there is much information to support an argument, however the researcher, at the same time, uses some conflicting views which confuses the reader and make it difficult for them to decide whether or not the point under discussion have an impact on child poverty and inequality. Another point to note is that the data used from governmental sources i.e. census etc is quite reliable but their suitability to this research study is questionable. The income-based measure which follows Orshansky criteria to study the prevalence of economic deprivation, used in this study, has many limitations. According to the researcher himself, the measure does account for inflation each year and is adjusted accordingly however many other factors remained unattended which gives rise to the questions regarding its reliability. This measure fails to account for many factors like increase in real family income and consumption by children, public assistance for children, geographic differences that alter the costs of food, clothes and shelter for children etc. Moreover, the income is not adjusted for taxes and also the equivalent poverty income depending upon family sizes and adult-children family composition is not taken into account. Similarly the increase in single parent househo lds and cohabiting partners are not taken into account. These shortcomings makes it difficult to rely on the results displayed thereof. Another point when it comes to analyze the research approach used by the author is that there are two things under consideration: relative economic deprivation and absolute economic deprivation. Now, there are so many factors and dimensions under discussion that affects and decides whether the economic deprivation is relative or absolute and that too with different further perspectives to account for which makes it difficult for the reader to decide what is the actual factor affecting the deprivation level and growing inequality among American children. For example, factors like reliance on welfare income, children belonging from minority, children living in single parent households and immigrant children etc. all affects and decides the level of economic deprivation which is not account for thus making the research results questionable. Specific Recommendation to Improve the Research: The conclusion part of the research leaves many questions in the minds of the readers. It doesn’t provide any specific solution to the issue under discussion nor does it give any solid reason why less progress is made in relation to growing children poverty and inequality. It leaves it up to the reader and the future researchers to decide what is lacking and what must be ensured to cope with the issue of growing children poverty in America. This study identifies that what could be the possible reasons that this issue is not yet addressed properly like it could   be ineffective social policy or inadequate research but doesn’t ends up selecting one. Leaving the debate open is good to encourage new thoughts on any subject however it is only recommendable when the current ideas are insufficient or have been disregarded as the possible solutions. Whereas in case of the current study under discussion there are already so many ideas and possible outcomes that leaving the choice up to the reader or future researchers will only   confuse the matter. Thus in my viewpoint this study somehow fails to contribute much towards the solution of the issue under debate. Future Required Research: This study have identified three independent variables as changes in family structure, changing patterns of employment and earnings, and changes in public assistance with regards to single parent households. However, there are contradicting researches as well that negate single parent households as a reason of children poverty. For example, the study by Smeeding et al (1988) shows that the states having higher number of unmarried child-bearing couples have lower children poverty rate like Sweden. This makes ‘single parent households’ as a weak choice to be taken as independent variable. This raises different questions in regards to what actually can be taken as an independent variable to study children poverty. As for future research requirement, there is a solid need to clearly identify what actually triggers childhood poverty and inequality and what is actually contributing to increase it. As also suggested by the researcher of this study, there is an obvious need to look for some sensitive measures that incorporates many of the affecting factors, as discussed in the previous heading, so as to able to reflect and decide what affects both relative and absolute economic deprivation for children. There is a need to identify what it is that can improve the growing inequality and poverty among children since it is very important to eradicate the problem from its roots. There is a need to see whether it is discredited cultural norms like marriage etc or it is the lack of government policies that can help make children become economically self-sufficient.   The conclusion of the study is really helpful in identifying several issues that can be taken as next approach or topic for next research. References:   Lichter (1997), Poverty and Inequality Among Children, Annual Review of Sociology, Vol. 23, pp. 121-145 Smeeding T, et al (1988) Patterns of income and poverty: the economic status of children and the elderly in eight countries. In The Vulnerable, ed. JL Palmer, T Smeed- ing, BB Torrey, pp.89-119. Washington, DC: Urban Inst Miles Huberman, (1994), Qualitative data analysis, an expanded sourcebook, sage publications, the University of Michigan, ISBN 0803946538, 9780803946538

MBA PERSONAL STATEMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

MBA PERSONAL STATEMENT - Essay Example To introduce my academics and experience, I am an international student, and already possess a masters’ degree in Human Resource from the University of Derby. Presently, I work at Fidelity bank Nigeria plc, which is a financial institution in Nigeria, as the Human Resource Coordinator. I am proud to mention here that my seniors have always been very pleased with my productivity and ethical performance, and they have been rewarding me with bonuses and a myriad of benefits due to my prolific performance. I am sure that I possess that passion that is crucial for excelling in the business field. I plan to become a manager in future. I deem it important to state here that I require the MBA degree to polish my HR profession and enhance my previous educational qualification. This will help me in HR career progression in that it will enable me to go for leadership and managerial positions in reputed organizations. Having done a masters degree in HR, an MBA degree will prove to be a fruitful extension of my qualification in that I will become a competent professional in fields like talent management and development, organizational behavior, labor relations, high performance work systems, conflict resolution, training and development, and the like. I anticipate that the MBA degree will effectively complement my HR degree in my job related goals as well, as I notice that more and more HR professionals are acquiring complementary degrees to advance their career. This is because organizational expectations of an HR professional have increased. In today’s modern business world, an HR leader with multiple degrees c onveys a strong impression when he looks for a job. He is given more supervisory duties, which I am sure that I am capable of performing. Moreover, there is a personal reason as well behind my wish to attain the MBA degree. Since I have attained degree under tier four student visa rules, an MBA degree will be important for me to